International Jewish Cemetery Project
International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies

SOUTH AMERICA Burial Sites:  1

"Internet Resources for Jewish Latin America and the Caribbean" covers useful South America and Sephardic links. [August 2005]

Venezuela Burial Sites:  3

VENEZUELA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

see: Asociación Israelita de Venezuela

 

THE JEWISH COMMUNITY


"More than half of the Jewish population of Venezuela lives in Caracas. The other large community is in the oil center of Maracaibo."
Source: Venezuela link at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_latin.html [October 2005]

Jewish Community in Spanish: http://www.aiv.org [October 2000]

Confederacion de Asociaciones Israelitas de Venezuela (C.A.I.V.)
Apartado de Correos 14.452
Caracas 1011A
Tel. 58 2 510 368
Fax. 58 2 515 253

Union Israelita de Caracas
Avenida Marqués del Toro # 9
San Bernardino Caracas 1011, Venezuela,
Phone: (58)(2) 552-8222
Fax: (58)(2) 552-7628,
including Jevrá Kadishá U.I.C. Teléf.: 552-8222 - 551-5253 - 551-5280;
Director David Shmuel, Teléf. Ofic.: 561-3682 - 564-3078, Hab. 552-4085 [October 2000]

Uruguay Burial Sites:  1

THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

Comite Central Israelita del Uruguay,
Casilla de Correo 743,
Rio Negro 1308 piso 5 Esc.5,
Montevideo,
Tel. 598 2 916 057,
Fax. 598 2 906 562

http://www.haruth.com/JewsUruguay.html [October 2000]
also select the Uruguay link at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_latin.html [October 2005]

"Nearly all the Jews of Uruguay live in Montevideo. There are several hundred families living in Paysande and in other small towns. ... For many Jews Uruguay was a temporary station on their way to Argentina or Brazil. In 1909, there were 150 Jews living in Montevideo. By 1916, there were enough Ashkenazi Jews to form a chevra kadisha, and in 1917 to open the first synagogue."
Source: virtualjerusalem.com - link no longer available [October 2000]

Suriname, formerly Dutch Guiana Burial Sites:  3

THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

Kerkeraad Der Nederlands Portugees Israelitische Gemeente in Suriname
PO Box 1834
(Klipsenstr. 2-10)
Paramaribo,
Tel. 597 471 313, Fax. 597 471 154.

http://www.haruth.com/JewsSuriname.html [October 2000]
http://www.isjm.org/Links/surcem.htm: Suriname Cemetery Project [2000]
http://www.cq-link.sr/personal/debye/index/ History of the Jews of Suriname. [October 2000]

[UPDATE] Holocaust Memorial Unveiled in Suriname [January 2017]



Source: select the Suriname link at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_north.html: Jews arrived between 1635 and 1639. Spanish and Portuguese Jews from Amsterdam arrived when the Dutch occupied Suriname in 1668. By the first half of the 1700's, Ashkenazic Jews from Rotterdam raised the Jewish population to 2,000, about 50%. Settling in Jodensavanne, an autonomous town, they owned 115 sugar plantations and named site with Hebrew names. [February 2003]

"Great Britain claimed the territory of Surinam in 1665. Rather surprisingly, given their history of colonizing other tropical colonies of the British Empire, British citizens did not seem to want to settle in Surinam. The British government decided to attract Jewish settlers to Surinam by offering them full British citizenship, recognition of their Sabbath, and ten acres of land to build a synagogue." source: "History of the Jews of the Caribbean", by Ralph G.Bennett, article located at http://www.sefarad.org/publication/lm/011/jewcar.html

Peru Burial Sites:  2

- THE JEWISH COMMUNITY -
Asociacion Judia del Peru
Apartado 1943
(Husares de Junin 163)
Lima 11
Tel. 51 14 241 412/ 244 797
Fax 51 14 312 412 [October 2000]

Union Israelita del Peru
Porras Osores 210
San Isidro
Lima-Peru
Tel. +51 1 440-0290 [Source: Peter Salamon,  July 2005]

Bikur Jolim (Welfare Society)
Av. Guardia Civil 175, Lima-Peru
Tel. +51 1 475-9005  [Source: Peter Salamon,  July 2005]

"In 1966, an Incan Catholic from the Peruvian city of Trujillo named Villanueva began to learn more about Judaism and, when the Catholic Church excommunicated him for his increasing hostility toward Catholicism, he emigrated to Spain to avoid further prejudice. While in Spain Villanueva studied Judaism and returned to Peru to convert his community of Indians to his new-found faith. More than five hundred of his fellow community members became devoted Jews. As the poor Trujillo Jews became more observant, they found that they were not able to acquire sufficient ritual objects such as prayer books (siddurim) or prayer shawls (tallisim). In the absence of necessary ritual objects the Incan Jewish community began to focus more on studying mystical questions such as reincarnation (gilgul) and concept of a Messiah. The European-descended Jews of Lima did not accept the Incas' Judaism and did not allow them to use the synagogue or ritual bath (mikva); when Inca Jewish women needed to use the ritual bath they used the ocean or a nearby waterfall. In order to find a more receptive environment for their Judaism three hundred members of the community have emigrated to Israel, but some have remained, assuring that their way of life would not disappear from Peru. Their ranks are growing, and the Incan Jewish community of Trujillo has again had to face poverty, prejudice and the question of how they are going to maintain their Judaism."
Source: http://www.mindspring.com/~jaypsand/dispersed.htm [January 2002]

Liebman, Seymour B. Papers, 1573-1986. 654 items. Notes: Chiefly photocopies, carbon copies, and microfilm, of documents in Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico City, Mexico, Archivo Histórico Nacional de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Archivo General de Indias, Seville, Spain, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, Calif., DRT Library at the Alamo, San Antonio, Tex., Arquivo da Torre do Tombo, Lisbon, Portugal, Biblioteca Nacional del Perú, Lima, Peru, and Casa de la Inquisición, Lima, Peru. Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico City, Mexico. Archivo Histórico Nacional de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Archivo General de Indias, Seville, Spain. Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, Calif., U.S. DRT Library at the Alamo, San Antonio, Tex., U.S. Arquivo da Torre do Tombo, Lisbon, Portugal. Biblioteca Nacional del Perú, Lima, Peru. Casa de la Inquisición, Lima, Peru.
Historian, teacher, lecturer, and author; d. 1986. …together with 19th and 20th century documents on the establishment of Jewish cemeteries in Lima, Peru; …Purchase and gift. Finding aid published in: National Inventory of Documentary Sources in the United States, microfiche 3.110.34. This entry replaces MS 83-1095. Location: Tulane University, Latin American Library (New Orleans, La.). Control No.: DCLV93-A1255 [December 2000]

Trahtemberg S., Leon. Los Judios de Lima y las Provincias. Lima-Peru: Union Israelita del Peru, February 1989. Name list at http://www.salamon.net/jp_surnamelist.htm. [December 2000]

also select the Peru link at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_latin.html [October 2005]

[UPDATE] Jewish Burial Index for Peru [June 2015]

Paraguay Burial Sites:  1



THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

http://www.haruth.com/JewsParaguay.html [October 2000]
http://www.virtualjerusalem.com/communities/wjcbook/paraguay/index.htm - link no longer available : "There is a Jewish museum with a Holocaust memorial in Asuncion." Consejo Representativo Israelita de Paraguay, Casilla de Correo 756, (General Diaz 657), Asuncion, Tel. 595 21 441 744, Fax. 595 21 448 289 [October 2000]

THE CEMETERIES

Guyana, formerly British Guiana Burial Sites:  0

No information about Jewish cemeteries in Guyana - contact us if you have any.

French Guiana Burial Sites:  1

THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

Jewish Community,
Pilo Sav 19 Av D'estrees
Cayenne 97300
BP 655 Cayenne
Guyane Francaise.
CEDEX 97335,
Tel. 594 30 39 34
Fax 594 31 78 93.

http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/communities/world/northamerica/guyana.cfm : In 1659 the Dutch West India Company nominated refugee from Brazil, David Nassy, as patron of Remire, an exclusively Jewish settlement on the island of Cayenne. Sefardic Jews from Leghorn, Italy joined them. In 1992, about twenty Jewish families from North Africa and Suriname reestablished a community in Cayenne with the help of the Chabad organization. [February 2003]

Ecuador Burial Sites:  1


THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

http://www.haruth.com/JewsEcuadore.html [October 2000]

THE CEMETERIES

Colombia Burial Sites:  4

 

THE JEWISH COMMUNITY


Select the Colombia link at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/CO [August 2020]

This is the home page for the CCJC (Confederation of Colombian Jewish Communities). This is an umbrella organization that was founded by the 9 traditional Jewish communities of Colombia, and it is the official organization representing all traditional Jewish communities. They do all the PR, and so much more. Here you can find emails and phone numbers for all institutions. Source:  This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. [August 2020]
 
Update/Acknowledgment:
Our appreciation and thanks to JGS Colombia/ Sociedad Genealogica Judia Colombiana, for their invaluable contributions to these Colombia pages.  [August 2020]

 

Bogota, Barranquilla, and Medellin have Jewish populations.

THE CEMETERIES

Chile Burial Sites:  3

THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

Comite Representativo de las Entidades Judias de Chile
Avenida Miguel Claro, 196
Santiago, Chile
Tel. 56 2 465 927, Fax 56 2 235-2459


http://www.virtualjerusalem.com/communities/wjcbook/chile/index.htm - link no longer available : "Most of the Jews live in Santiago, but there are also communities in Vina del Mar (Valparaiso), Concepcion, Temuco, and Valdivia." [October 2000]

THE CEMETERIES

Brazil Burial Sites:  31

- THE JEWISH COMMUNITY -

Sociedade Genealogica Judaica do Brasil
Dr. Guilherme Faiguenboim, Caixa Postal 1025
13001-970 Campinas SP, BRAZIL
Telephone: (5511) 881-9365 (Ms. Anna Rosa)
E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.


(CONIB) Confederacao Israelita do Brasil
Avenida Nilo Pecanha, 50-Gr. 1601
20020-100 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Tel. 55 21 240 0034, Fax 55 21 240 2717.
The synagogue president's name is Dr. Alberto Nasser. [October 2000]

Arquivo Historico Judaico Brasileiro
Rua Severino [Note: Address may be incorrect]
Sao Paulo

http://www.haruth.com/JewsBrazil.html [October 2000]
http://www.kosherdelight.com/Brazil.htm [August 2003]
also select Brazil at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_latin.html [October 2005]

"In the arid Northern region of Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte, Catholics in villages like Venhaver and Natal have long been recognized for their "unusual" religious practices. Settled in the early 1700s when Portuguese Inquisitional activity was at its strongest in the Brazilian northeast, Rio Grande do Norte is remote enough that Jews fleeing persecution were able to avoid much of it by hiding there. Even so, most of the Northern Brazilian Jews became Catholic, though they wove their Jewish practices into their Catholicism. Even today, members of the Venhaver community eat according to the Jewish dietary laws, hang small bags of dirt on their door post (traditional Jews hang a mezuzah on their door post, a small container with particular passage of the Torah enclosed), light candles on Friday nights, refuse to kneel in Church when they pray and hold alternative services at a secret place called the "snoga," which some suggest is derived from the Portuguese word "sinagoga," Dozens of Marrano-descended families in the larger city of Natal have undergone "purification" ceremonies to cleanse them of Catholic beliefs and allow them to resume their ancestors' Judaism."
Source: http://www.mindspring.com/~jaypsand/dispersed.htm [January 2002]

BOOKS

Wolff, Frieda (Av. Osvaldo Cruz 95/1301, 22250 - 060 Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil): Sepultura de Israelitas , University Sao Paulo, Centro de Estudos Judaicos, Mo. 3, 1976 is at Leo Baeck Institute in NY (ID # GT 3233 R5 W6). Book contains inscriptions of Jewish tombstones in non-Jewish cemeteries (1976), one Jewish cemetery (1987), one cemetery in Belem do Para (1987) and inscriptions of tombstones of the Jewish sections in the cities of Natal and Campos where those sections are part of the municipal cemetery.

 

JEWISH COMMUNITY OF SÃO PAULO:

http://www.bh.org.il/Communities/Archive/sao-paulo.asp has Jewish community information. [October 2000]
Reference: Lipiner, E. and Serebronick, S. Breve historia dos Judeus no Brasil . 1962, pages 113-51.

Bolivia Burial Sites:  2

- THE JEWISH COMMUNITY -

The Círculo Israelita de La Paz, which represents the Jewish community, maintains two synagogues, a home for the aged and a cemetery. The Colegio Boliviano Israelita with a kindergarten, primary and secondary school, has a majority of non-Jewish students.

"Bolivia's Jews mostly live in La Paz, the capital, but there are smaller communities in Santa Cruz and in Cochabamba. The majority of Bolivian Jews are Ashkenazim of central and eastern European descent. The Jewish community of Bolivia has decreased significantly since its peak of 10,000 in the late 1940s.  The Circulo Israelita de Bolivia is the central Jewish communal organization and is recognized by the Bolivian government. This organization is a union of its predecessors, the Circulo Israelita de La Paz, established by east European Jews, and the German Comunidad Israelita de Bolivia. The Circulo maintains a cemetery, the bikur cholim, two synagogues, and a home for the aged. There are branches of WIZO in La Paz and Santa Cruz and Maccabi sports clubs in La Paz and social organizations. " 2003 Jewish population is 500. Source:
Bolivia link at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_latin.html [October 2005]

Circulo Israelita de La Paz
P.O. Box 1545
La Paz
Tel. 591 2 325 925
Fax 591 2 342 728 [April 2004]

Comunidad Israelita Synagogue
Calle Canada Stronguest 1846
La Paz   [April 2004]

Circulo Israelita de Bolivia
Casilla 1545
Calle Landaeta 346
PO Box 1545
La Paz
Phone: +2-32-5925
Fax: +2-34-2738

Associacion Israelita de Cochabamba
PO box 349
Calle Valdivieso
Cochabamba

Associacion Israelita de Cochabamba
Calle Junin Y Calle Colombia
Casilla 349
Cochabamba  [April 2004]

http://www.kosherdelight.com/Bolivia.htm [August 2003]
http://www.haruth.com/JewsBolivia.html [October 2000]

Argentina Burial Sites:  106

 

  • Sociedad Argentina de Genealogia Judia- www.AGJA.org.ar - E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

UPDATE: Searchable database of cemeteries:  http://www.amia.org.ar/index.php/services/default/sepelios [Aug 2014]

 

 

  • Website:(in Spanish).Asociación de Genealogía Judía de Argentina reported that photographing anything in any Argentinean cemetery (Jewish or otherwise) requires government authorization. Shortly after the dissolution of the Buenos Aires Kehila AMIA in 1994, the Ministry of Security forbade photographing any Jewish building, inside or outside, without authorization. Their JGS received pictures of Cemetery Cazes in Entre Rios (about 200 burials) because of an agreement to give a copy to the authorities of the digitalized list created from the photos. See Buenos Aires for cemetery death index information.

  • KehilaLink [Sep 2012]

  • Latin American Jewish Congress: Casilla de Correo 20, Suc.53, (Larrea 744), 1453 Buenos Aires. Tel. 54 1 962 5028/ 961 4534, Fax 54 1 963 7056

  • (YIVO): IWO Instituto Judío de Investígaciones. Delegacion de Asociaciones Israelitas Argentinas (DAIA), Ayacucho 632, 6 Piso, 1026 Buenos Aires, Tel. 54 1 375 4747/ 375 4730/ 375 4742, Fax 54 1 375 4742. [December 2000]

    •  

    REFERENCES:

    Armony, Paul. Moisesville: The Jewish Pioneer Colony Toldot 4, Jul 1997. (English translation by Gila Brand). [August 2009]

    Armony, Paul. "Cemeteries in Argentina" [in Spanish] Toledot, September 1999. [October 2000]

    Avni, Haim Argentina & the Jews: A History of Jewish Immigration [August 2009]

    Braunstein, Gabriel. "The Jewish immigration to Entre Rios, Argentina". JGSR News, Jewish Genealogical Society of Rochester. [August 2009]

    Sofer, Eugene. "From Pale to Pampa: A Social History of the Jews of Buenos Aires Modern Judaism, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Oct., 1984), pp. 341-343. [August 2009]

    Weisbrot, Robert Weisbrot. The Jews of Argentina from the Inquisition to Peron 1979. [August 2009]

    45 Jewish cemeteries exist in Argentina. JGS of Argentina has burial records for eighteen of those cemeteries, a total of 157,850 names current through 1997. The records cover about 100 years. Of these eighteen cemeteries, nine (of a total 11) are in the Buenos Aires area and nine (from 34 active ones) are in the country. We are dealing with three other cemeteries' kehillot to obtain information and/or records, (two in big Buenos Aires and the third in Moisesville). This should include around 11,000/12,000 people.   The 1998 Jewish population in Argentina is estimated in around 220,000 persons, 85% living in the greater Buenos Aires area. Unfortunately, today, there are many private park cemeteries where many Jews and their non-Jewish wives are buried. Besides, many Jews are buried in the city cemetery for a variety of reasons. Also, some people were cremated. Our principal problem is with the cemeteries in the countryside both from a lack of information and the funding to obtain such. It will be necessary to go there to find anything. [see Buenos Aires] Source: Paul Armony (deceased)

    TRANSLATION OF JGS ARGENTINA CEMETERY INFORMATION:

    We have 35 cemeteries with 170,000 registries.

    1. For a search of one last name in the 11 cemeteries of Buenos Aires and the 24 cemeteries of the other areas (more than 170,000 burials from 1900 to 1998/99) from data that we have, (see detail): $3 per name with a minimum of $15 for up to 5 names; 15 names cost $45 and $1 for each additional thereafter. Example: 72 deceased of the same last name or slight variants of spelling is $5 for the first 15 and $57 for the following the 57 deceaseds or a total of $102 dollars

    2. Data that we have are: Name, last name, in the case of married women, sometimes is the last names as a single person, the date of death, (in very old burials sometimes they lack some data, like death and month), position of the tomb and cemetery, and in very few registries age at death, for example in old Liniers.   WE HAVE NEITHER NAME of the FATHER, NOR the DATE OF BIRTH, NOR BIRTHPLACE, NOR NATIONALITY, NOR PROFESSION, NOR DATA OF the CHILDREN (except for exceptions).  To obtain to more information requires to visit the cemetery and/or getting the death certificate. This costs $30 per visit to a cemetery of Buenos Aires, for up to 5 deceased in the same cemetery. They cannot research cemeteryies of the Interior, except by communicateing with the communities of the interior that administer cemeteries and deciding with them the cost. Obtaining a death certificate in Buenos Aires costs $35 (certified) or $10 (uncertifed). If nothing is found, no money is refunded. "single give back the $15 that is not paid when not receiving it." [sic] This single is valid for Buenos Aires; any other place requires a different cost.

       

    CENTRAL AMERICA Burial Sites:  0

    "Internet Resources for Jewish Latin America and the Caribbean" contains useful South America and Sephardic links. [December 2000]

    Panama Burial Sites:  2

    PANAMA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Consejo Central Comunitario Hebreo de Panama
    Apartado Postal 55-0882,
    Paitilla, 00001 Panama,
    Tel. 507 293 733 [October 2000]

    Select the Panama link at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_latin.html:  Most of the 7000 Jews live in Panama City, but there are also communities in Colon, David and the former American Canal Zone. Panama was a Spanish colony. Settlement by Jews openly practicing Judaism started in 1836 with the arrival of Portuguese Jews from Jamaica, Guadeloupe, and Curacao and joined by Jews from the Virgin Islands and later from Central Europe. In 1876, the Spanish-Portuguese synagogue (Kol Shearith Israel) was founded in Panama City, and in 1890 the Kahal Kodesh Yaacov in Colon. With the construction of the Panama Canal, Jews came from Syria, Turkey and founded Shevet Ahim in Panama City, Ahvat Ahim in Colon and a small community in David. The community has three synagogues including a Reform congregation and two Jewish schools. [August 2005]

    THE CEMETERIES

    Nicaragua Burial Sites:  3

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Select the Nicaragua link at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_latin.html:  The Congregacion Israelita de Nicaragua was the central Jewish organization until 1979. The community maintained a synagogue and social center, and there was a B'nai B'rith lodge and WIZO chapter. Since 1979, however, the Jewish community has been dormant.  [October 2005]

    Mexico Burial Sites:  3

    MEXICO - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Comite Central Israelita de Mexico A.C.,
    Cofre de Perote 115,
    Lomas Barrilaco,
    11010 Mexico DF,
    Tel. 52 5 540 3273,
    Fax. 52 5 540 3050

    http://www.virtualjerusalem.com/communities/wjcbook/mexico/index.htm- [link no longer available]: "All but a handful of Mexican Jews live in Mexico City (37,500). Most of the rest live in Guadalajara (200 families), Monterrey (200 families), and Tijuana (60 families). Close to 300 families are scattered in other towns such as Veracruz, Puebla, and Cuernavaca." There are about nine Jewish cemeteries in Mexico City with others in Guadalajara and Monterrey. Pepe Jasky from the Chevra can give much more information. Source: Ellis Toussier, Vazquez de Mella 429-5, Colonia Los Morales, Mexico City, D. F. 11510, Mexico.

    THE CEMETERIES

    Honduras Burial Sites:  3

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY


    Comunidad Hebrea de Tegucigalpa
    Apartado Postal 5091,
    Tegucigalpa, D.C.,
    Tel. 504 32 8555/ 374968 [October 2000]

    http://www.haruth.com/JewsHonduras.html [October 2000]
    Select the Honduras link at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_latin.html#: "The Jews are divided between the capital, Tegucigalpa, and San Pedro Sula, the second largest town. The only synagogue in the country is located in San Pedro Sula…"[October 2000]

    http://www.ujcl.org/honduras/ [August 2005]

    Guatemala Burial Sites:  1

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY




    Select the Guatemala link at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_latin.html#: The Jewish organizations are united under the Consejo Central. The three main Jewish groups are the Sociedad Israelita de Guatemala (Beth-El), which is Reform and mainly of German origin; Magen David, which is Sephardi; and the Centro Hebreo, which is composed of people with roots in eastern Europe.  [October 2005]

    Comunidad Judia Guatemalteca
    Apartado Postal 502,
    Guatemala, C.A.,
    Tel. 502 2 311 975,
    Fax 502 2 325 683 [October 2000]

    El Salvador Burial Sites:  3

    Comunidad Israelita de El Salvador
    Apartado Postal (06) 182
    San Salvador
    Tel. 503 814 444,
    Fax. 503 215 264

    • Beker, Avi. "El Salvador." Jewish Communities of the World. Lerner Publications Company, Minneapolis, 1998.
    • "El Salvador." Encyclopaedia Judaica.
    • "El Salvador." la Unión Judía de Congregaciones de Latinoamérica y el Caribe
    • Zaidner, Michael. Jewish Travel Guide. Vallentine Mitchell, Portland, 2000.
    • Wikipedia Jewish history [Feb 2016]

    http://www.virtualjerusalem.com/communities/wjcbook/salvador/index.htm - [link no longer available] : "Except for the occasional transit of Portuguese Conversos, there were no Jews in the country until the first half of the 19th century when Sephardim from France settled in the town of Chaluchuapa. They were joined by Jews from Alsace who moved to the capital, San Salvador, in the second half of the 19th century." [October 2000]

    Costa Rica Burial Sites:  3

    COSTA RICA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Centro Israelita Sionista de Costa Rica

    Apartado Postal 1473-1000,

    San Jose,

    Tel. 506 233 9222,

    Fax 506 223 5801 [May 2001]

    Congregations:

    San Jose's synagogue, Shaarei Zion, is served by a rabbi, a burial society, and a Jewish cemetery. Chabad. [October 2005]

    Centro Israelita Sionista de Costa Rica (Conservative) just north of Paseo Colón on Calle 22 and B'nei Israel (Liberal) in Sabana Oeste. (located off the Carretera a Pavos in San José; 506-2520-1013) is the oldest and largest Jewish resource in the country. [August 2005]

    Congregation B'nei Israel, Carretera vieja a Escazú (506-2231-5243; Reform). [July 2012]

    On April 15th 1575, seventy-three years after Columbus saw the Limón coast, two ships left Spain with the governor, Diego de Artieda Chirinos, and 336 Sephardim. Indians subdued, Chirinos hoped to colonize immediately, but he received no property titles until 1579. Chirinos' jurisdiction stretched from the San Juan River in the north to the territories of Veragua, Panama and from the Tempisque River  west to the Chiriquí Viejo River, Panama. The poverty in which the captaincy of Guatemala held the province of Costa Rica as well as Galician religious persecution worked against colonization. The Marranos feared living in groups lest they become target for the Inquisition. With the passing years and lack of unity, the colonists scattered; some even taking Indian wives.

    18th century Jews from Jamaica involved in an illegal cocoa trade with Cartago joined the second group, Sefardic descendants of Spanish and Portugese Jews from the Netherlands or Dutch Brazil and later Curaçao, Jamaica, Panama, and St Thomas. These Portuguese Jewish merchant  families such as Maduro, Robles, Piza, Sasso, and Chumaceiro lived in the Central Valley in Cartago, San Jose, Cartago, Puntarenas, and Port Limon, most eventually abandoning Judaism. Sephardi Jews also arrived in Costa Rica from Panama, which remained their religious focus.

    Turkish and East European Jew reached Costa Rica post-World War I and were followed after 1933 by German refugees. Most Jewish Costa Ricans today trace their history to a Polish village, Zelechow. The majority of the Jewish population lives in the Central Valley in San Jose, Santa Ana, and Escazu.

    Some Sephardic families buried their dead in Panama. Source Jewish cemeteries are found in San Jose. San Jose's Foreigners Cemetery probably is the burial site of Sephardim prior to and after Ashkenazi presence in Costa Rica. A Jewish cemetery exists in "Santa Ana, a town about 20 km from San Jose. The few burials are Ashkenazi.

    Some Ashkenazi and Sephardic burials are in private cemeteries and Montesacro." source?

     

    Costa Rica Jewish Community Museum [July 2012]

    http://www.centroisraelita.com [July 2005]

    Jewish Virtual Library [August 2005]

    JCPA [August 2005]

    Sephardic Studies in Costa Rica [August 2005]

    Belize, formerly British Honduras Burial Sites:  2

    After the destruction of the Jewish community in St. Eustatius in the 18th century, several Jewish families settled in Belize. The Benveniste family was the most prominent. Belize was a trading location for Jamaican Jews. Solly Wolffson (1855-1933) exported Belize timber. The British turned away 85 Jews escaping WWII who reached Belize in 1939. Very few Jews remain in Belize [July 2009]

    UNITED STATES Burial Sites:  0

    Each state's general information may be of help in your research.

    United States Military Burials Burial Sites:  2

    Wyoming WY Burial Sites:  4

    BIBLIOGRAPHY:

    The Jews of Wyoming: Fringe of the Diaspora. Penny Diane Wolin.

     

    Jewish Wyoming. [August 2005]

    WYOMING STATE ARCHIVES, Barrett Building, 6101 Yellowstone Road, LL, Cheyenne, WY 82002/ Personal Papers: Jennette Warsharsky Bernstein, 1954-75; historian of Wyoming Jewish community [August 2005]

    Wisconsin WI Burial Sites:  22

    Wisconsin Jewish Genealogical Society: Contact information

    Wisconsin Jewish Archives
    State Historical Society of Wisconsin
    816 State Street
    Madison, WI 53706
    (608) 264-6460

    The Synagogues of Wisconsin: [2004]

    Unpacking on the Prairie: Jewish Women of the Upper Midwest. [October 2010]

    The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle [October 2010]

    Wisconsin Jewish links [October 2010]

    West Virginia WV Burial Sites:  18

    Museum of the Southern Jewish Experience, PO Box 16528, Jackson, MS 39236-0528, (601) 362-6357. Initially designed to represent Jews and Jewish culture in Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama, Arkansas, and Tennessee, the museum now reflects the entire South.

    Jewish history of West Virginia. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. [September 2005]

    The Synagogues of West Virginia [2004]

    Country Roads Took Me Home to West Virginia [April 2015]

    District of Columbia (Washington DC) Burial Sites:  9

    (also see Maryland and Virginia for areas contiguous to Washington, DC)

    Jewish Genealogy Society of Greater Washington (JGSGW)

    Jewish Historical Society of Greater Washington (Office & Archives)
    Lillian and Albert Small Jewish Museum
    701 Fourth Street, NW - Suite 200
    Washington, D.C. 20001
    Phone: (202) 789-0900   Fax: (202) 789-0485
    Jewish Historical Society of Greater Washington does not hold burial records. Contact the individual congregations for that information.

     

    Congress Heights is not a cemetery and is most often used to describe all 4 cemeteries in the area. Those four contiguous cemeteries: Source:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. [April 2010]

    Washington Hebrew

    Adas Israel

    Ohev Sholom

    Elisavetgrad (Beth Sholom, District of Columbia Lodge, DC Hebrew Beneficial and DC Lodge)


    WASHINGTON AREA JEWISH FUNERAL SERVICES: Source: The Jewish Funeral Directors of America
    • Torchinsky Hebrew Funeral Home,Inc., 254 Carroll Street, NW, Washington, DC 20012, (202)541-1001, (800) 500-5401
    • Metropolitan Area:
    • Danzansky-Goldberg Memorial Chapels: 1170 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD (301) 340-1400.
    • Ives-Pearson (not exclusively Jewish) 2847 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA (703) 527-3016. Records date to 1930's. Went out of business in September 2000.
    • Edward Sagel Funeral Direction, 1091 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD (301) 217-9400. Founded March 1994; only Jewish-owned funeral parlor in the
    • Washington metropolitan area.
    • Stein Hebrew Memorial Funeral Home, Inc., 232 Carroll Street, NW, Washington, DC. (202)726-4222. Records since 1970.

    LOCAL BURIAL ASSOCIATIONS - Source: The Washington Jewish Week
    • CHESED SHEL EMES (Free Burial Society): Rabbi Saul Koss (301) 230-7294; Fax (301) 230-7272; TTY (301)-230-7260 Provides burial service for special needy cases.
    • CHEVRA KADISHA OF WASHINGTON: Alan Sussman; (301) 681-6366 Community burial society makes arrangements and performs the ritual washing of the body.
    • FUNERAL PRACTICES COMMITTEE: chair: Bob Housman; (202) 966-1545; comprised of synagogues who have burial committees.
    • WOMEN'S CHEVRA KADISH: Linda Rishe (301) 585-2028; Community burial society makes arrangements and performs the ritual washing of the body.

    SYNAGOGUES
    Historic 1876 Synagogue
    Corner of 3rd and G Streets, NW
    Washington, DC 20001
    Open by appointment only, Please call (202) 789-0900

    SYNAGOGUES IN DC: [2007]
    WASHINGTON AREA SYNAGOGUES/DC data compiled by Bill Sher for JGSGW [2006] At the end of each synagogue's listing: C = Conservative, O = Orthodox and R = Reform, I = Independent:
    • Adas Israel Congregation, 2850 Quebec St., NW, Washington, DC 20008, (202) 362-4433, C
    • Agudath Israel Of America Minyan, 1730 Rhode Island Ave., NW, Suite 504, Washington, DC 20036, (202) 835-0414
    • Bet Mishpachah, P.O. Box 1410, Washington, DC 20013, (202) 833-1638, I
    • The Capitol Kehillah, (202) 320-6034, I
    • DC Minyan, Washington DC JCC, 1529 16th St., NW, Washington DC 20036, I
    • Fabrangen, 7750 16th St., NW, Washington, DC 20012, (202) 595-9138, I
    • Hill Havurah, Christ Our Shepard Church, 801 North Carolina Ave. SE, Washington, DC 20003
    • Kesher Israel Congregation, 2801 N St., NW, Washington, DC 20007-3340, (202) 333-2337, O
    • Minyan at the Department of Housing and Urban Development, 451 Seventh St., S.W. Room 9156, Washington, DC 20410, (202) 708-0614, ext. 6061
    • Ohev Sholom, 1600 Jonquil St., NW, Washington, DC 20012, (202) 882-7225, O
    • Sixth and I Historic Synagogue, 600 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20001, (202) 408-3100
    • Temple Micah, 2829 Wisconsin Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20007, (202) 342-9175, R
    • Temple Sinai, 3100 Military Rd., NW, Washington, DC 20015, (202) 363-6394, R
    • Tifereth Israel Congregation, 7701 16th St., NW, Washington, DC 20012, (202) 882-1605, C
    • The Washington Congregation for Secular Humanistic Judaism, P.O. Box 42014, Washington, DC 20015, (202) 686-1881, 0
    • Union Station Neighborhood Mincha, Postal Square Building, 2 Massachusetts Ave., NE, Room 1858, Washington, DC 20001, (202) 502-8529 Jonathan First
    • Washington Hebrew Congregation, 3935 Macomb St., NW, Washington, DC 20016, (202) 362-7100, R
    • Yedid DC, c/o Am Kolel, PO Box 146, Beallsville, MD 20839, (301)-349-2799

    ALPHABETICAL LIST OF CONGREGATION/ORGANIZATION AND THE CEMETERIES THAT THEY USED:
    ORGANIZATION OR CONGREGATION CEMETERY NAME
    Achduth Chevra Mt. Lebanon Cemetery
    Adas Israel Congregation Adas Israel Congregation Cemetery
    Agudas Achim (new) King David Memorial Garden
    Agudas Achim Congregation Agudas Achim Congregation Cemetery
    Agudath Achim Mt. Lebanon Cemetery
    Arlington-Fairfax Jewish Cong. King David Memorial Garden
    B'nai Israel Congregation B'nai Israel Congregation Cemetery
    Baltimore National Cemetery Baltimore National Cemetery
    Baltimore National Cemetery Loudon Park National Cem.
    Baltimore National Cemetery Annapolis National Cemetery
    Baltimore National Cemetery U. S. Naval Academy Cem.
    Beth El King David Memorial Garden
    Beth El Hebrew Congregation Home of Peace Cemetery
    Beth El Hebrew Congregation (new) King David Memorial Garden
    Beth Shalom (old)--Potomac??? Congress Heights Cemeteries
    Beth Sholom Congregation and Talmud Torah National Capitol Heb. Cem.
    Beth Sholom Congregation and Talmud Torah Beth Sholom Congrega. Cem.
    Beth Tikva Congregation King David Memorial Garden
    Beth Torah King David Memorial Garden
    Congregation Kol Ami Hillcrest Memorial Cemetery
    D.C. Hebrew Beneficial Association Congress Heights Cemeteries
    Deborah King David Memorial Garden
    Directorate of Engineering & Housing Fort Meade Post Cem. No. 1
    Ezras Israel-Ohavei Zedek Congregation National Capitol Heb. Cem.
    Farband Zionist Mt. Lebanon Cemetery
    Free Sons of Israel Mt. Lebanon Cemetery
    Friendship Lodge National Capitol Heb. Cem.
    Friendship Lodge Mt. Lebanon Cemetery
    George Washington Lodge Mt. Lebanon Cemetery
    George Washington Lodge (old) National Capitol Heb. Cem.
    Har Tzeon-Agudath Achim Congregation Mt. Lebanon Cemetery
    Hebrew Benevolent Society Home of Peace
    Hebrew Free Burial Society Chesed Shel Emmes[Emresh] Cem.
    Jewish Mutual Aid Society Mt. Lebanon Cemetery
    Kesher Israel Congregation Kesher Israel Congregation Cem.
    Kesher Israel Congregation National Capitol Heb. Cem.
    Kneseth Israel Kneseth Israel Congregation
    Mishkan [Miskan] Torah King David Memorial Garden
    National Capitol Lodge National Capitol Heb. Cem.
    Nevey Shalom Congregation of Belair King David Memorial Garden
    Northern Virginia Hebrew Congregation King David Memorial Garden
    Ohev Shalom-Talmud Torah Congregation Ohev Sholom-Talmud Torah Cong. Cem.
    Ohev Sholom-Talmud Torah National Capitol Heb. Cem.
    Ohev Sholom-Talmud Torah Congregation Congress Heights Cemeteries
    Ohr Kodesh Congregation King David Memorial Garden
    Olam Tikvah Congregation King David Memorial Garden
    Sephardic Congregation-Mogen David Mt. Lebanon Cemetery
    Shaare Tikvah Mt. Lebanon Cemetery
    Shaare Tikvah King David Memorial Garden
    Shaare [Shahre?] Tefila King David Memorial Garden
    Shomre Emunah National Capitol Hebrew
    Southeast Hebrew (old) Congress Heights Cemeteries
    Southeast Hebrew Congregation (new) Mt. Lebanon Cemetery
    Spanish-Yom Tov National Capitol Heb. Cem.
    Spanish-Yom Tov King David Memorial Garden
    Temple Beth Shalom Hillcrest Memorial Cemetery
    Temple Emanuel King David Memorial Garden
    Temple Israel Mt. Lebanon Cemetery
    Temple Sinai King David Memorial Garden
    Temple Solel King David Memorial Garden
    Tifereth Israel (new) Mt. Lebanon Cemetery
    Tifereth Israel (old) Congress Heights Cemeteries
    U. S. Naval Academy Crownsville Veterans Cem.
    Washington Hebrew Congregation Washington Heb. Congregation Cem.
    Workmen's Circle (new) Mt. Lebanon Cemetery
    Workmen's Circle (old) National Capitol Hebrew Cemetery
    Yom Tov Society National Capitol Hebrew Cemetery
    Young Israel Shomre Emunah National Capitol Hebrew Cemetery
    Young People's Synagogue

    King David Memorial Garden

    Washington State WA Burial Sites:  18

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Washington State

    Washington State Jewish Historical Society
    2031 Third Avenue
    Seattle, WA 98121
    (206) 443-1903

    University of Washington
    Allen Library, Special Collections, Mss & University     Division
    WSJHS Jewish Archives Project
    P.O. Box 352900
    Seattle, WA 98195
    Susan Levine, Project Coordinator
    tel: 206.543.1895
    fax: 206.685.8049

    The Synagogues of Washington: [2004]

    FUNERAL HOMES
    • Bonney Watson 1732 Broadway E. Seattle (206) 322-0013
    • Butterworth's Arthur A. Wright Funeral Home & Columbarium 520 W. Raye St. Seattle (206) 282-5500
    • Green Funeral Home 1215 145th Pl. SE. Bellevue, WA 98007 (425) 747-6240
    • Seattle Jewish Chapel: Chapel: 170 12th Ave.Office: 5145 S. Morgan St., Seattle, (206) 323-7321
    • (206) 721-0970

    Virginia VA Burial Sites:  33

    Jewish Genealogy Society of Greater Washington.

    Jewish Historical Society of Greater Washington (Office & Archives)
    701 Fourth Street NW
    Washington, DC 20001
    (202) 789-0900
    (202) 789-0485 - FAX
    Collection includes information about the Virginia suburbs of Washington, DC.

    The Goldring/Woldenburg Institute of Southern Jewish Life: Initially designed to represent Jews and Jewish culture in Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama, Arkansas, and Tennessee, the museum reflects the entire South.
    4915 I-55 North, Suite 100A
    Jackson, MS 39206
    PH. (601) 362-6357
    FAX (601) 366-6293

    Peninsula Jewish Historical Society
    25 Stratford Road
    Newport News, VA 23601

    The Synagogues of Virginia:  [2008]

    See Washington, DC for more information on the cemeteries and synagogues in the Washington, DC Area.

    Note: Mr. and Mrs. Sonny Werth compiled archival lists and locations of Jewish cemeteries in VA. Samuel Werth, Lafayette Executive Center, Suite #101, 5750 Chesapeake Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23513. office: (757) 857-1504 These are available at the Virginia Historical Society in Richmond, on microfilm at the Mormon libraries and at Tel-Aviv University Archives, Diaspora Research Institute. These indexes include more than 14,852 names and maps showing locations within the cemetery. Each cemetery is indexed individually and not computerized. The data below is from Mr. Werth unless otherwise indicated. Key to listing sequence for the WERTH information is CITY, Cemetery Name: Sec., # of index books/# of deceased. Found in Werth Indexes, AJA. American Jewish Archives, 3101 Clifton Ave. Cincinnati, Ohio 45220-2488. Tel: )513) 221-1875, FAX: (513) 221-7812. E-mail: AJA contact form.

    Vermont VT Burial Sites:  12

    Synagogues in Vermont [February 2014]

    Jewish Vermont [September 2005]

    Utah UT Burial Sites:  4

    Utah Jewish Genealogical Society contact

    The Synagogues of Utah: [2004]

    Utah Jewish Community [August 2005]

     

    Jewish Utah [October 2010]

    University of Utah - Marriott Library

    Special Collections
    Utah Jewish Archives
    Stan Larson, Archivist
    Utah Jewish Archives
    Ben Roe (Jewish) Photographic Collection
    295 S. 1500 E. RM Dock
    Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0860
    801.581.6273
    Fax: 801.585.3464
    E-Mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    Texas TX Burial Sites:  81

    Texas Jewish Historical Society
    Marc Wormser, President 
    P.O. 10193
    Austin, TX 78766-0193
    832-288-3494
    This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    RESOURCE: In 1997, the Texas Jewish Historical Society published Texas Jewish Burials, a 448-page book in either spiral binding offered at $23. Volume II, period from 1997 to through 2012 is available in spiral bound at $23 and the library bound is $50. The project includes all Jewish burials in Texas, in three distinct areas: 1) consecrated Jewish cemeteries separate from any other cemeteries, (2) sections of non-sectarian cemeteries consecrated and dedicated as Jewish cemeteries and (3) Jewish burials in non-Jewish cemeteries. Name and birth and death dates for each burial located is recorded. An addendum will be period available on the web site (www.txjhs.org).

    Texas Jewish Historical Society Archives
    Mr. Evan Hocker
    Richardson Hall 
    Austin, TX 78712 
    512.495.4515 
    Fax: 512.495.4542

    Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas, Sid Richardson Hall, 1 University Station D1100, Austin, TX 78712-0335

    Texas Jewish References Online: Reference List of Known Articles, Books and Box Files (in specified Libraries) containing information pertinent to the study of Jewish Texas History. list of Texas JHG Newsletters with interesting articles. [2007]

    Jewish Texas/ [January 2001]

    Tennessee TN Burial Sites:  10

    Archives of the Jewish Federation of Nashville and Middle Tennessee
    801 Percy Warner Boulevard
    Nashville, TN 37205
    (615) 356-7170

    Jewish Historical Society of Memphis and the Mid-South
    PO Box 17304
    Memphis, TN 38187
    Southern Jewish Historical Society Tennessee links:

    Tennessee Jewish History: "    Tennessee -- 18,000 Jewish Souls".

    Jewish Tennessee [June 2003]

    Synagogues of Tennessee
    Synagogues of Tennessee

    Directory of Links To and About Jewish Tennessee

    Museum of the Southern Jewish Experience
    PO Box 16528, Jackson, MS 39236-0528
    (601) 362-6357
    Initially designed to represent Jews and Jewish culture in Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama, Arkansas, and Tennessee, the museum reflects the entire South.

    South Dakota SD Burial Sites:  5

    SYNAGOGUES OF SOUTH DAKOTA: [2004]

    Crémieux/ Bethlehem-Yehudah, S.D area Jewish history. [August 2005]

    Upper Midwest Jewish Archives. [August 2005]

    Last of the Jewish Farmgirls from NY Times mentioning Bethlehem-Yehudah, S.D. [August 2005]

    South Carolina SC Burial Sites:  22

    College of Charleston

    Dr. Martin Perlmutter, Director

    Charleston, SC 29424

    Rhode Island RI Burial Sites:  5

    Society of Friends of Touro Synagogue
    85 Touro Street
    Newport, RI 02840
    (401) 847-4794

    Rhode Island Jewish Historical Association
    130 Sessions Street
    Providence, RI 02906
    (401) 331-1360

    SYNAGOGUES OF RHODE ISLAND: [2004]

    Pennsylvania PA Burial Sites:  129

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Pittsburgh

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Philadelphia, (JGSP)

    The Rauh Jewish Archives - Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania
    1212 Smallman Street
    Pittsburgh, PA 15222
    Telephone: 412.454.6406
    FAX: 412.454.6028
    The Western Pennsylvania Jewish Cemetery Project is a project of the Rauh Jewish Archives. Burial Information for approximately 80 regional Jewish cemeteries has been collected. Data for many of them has been transferred to JOWBR. Data is also available by contacting Susan Melnick.

    SYNAGOGUES OF PENNSYLVANIA: [May 2006]

    Funeral Homes:  [2000]

    Oregon OR Burial Sites:  12

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Oregon Contact

    Eugene, Oregon Jewish Genealogy Study Group
    Reeva Kimble
    2352 Van Ness, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1862
    E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
    Telephone: 541-345-8129

    Oregon Jewish Genealogical and Historical Society
    Mittleman Jewish Community Center
    6651 SW Capitol Highway
    Portland, OR 97219
    (503) 245-5196

    Oregon Jewish Museum
    Director: Judith Margles
    2701 NW Vaugn Street, Suite 715
    Portland, OR 97210
    (503) 226-3600 fax (503) 226-1800
    Telephone Queries: Tuesday - Friday 10 a.m.-3 p.m.
    Onsite Research: by appointment
    Museum Hours: Tuesday through Friday, 11 a.m.-2 p.m. Some Sundays
    Established in 1989, the OJM houses the archives of the Jewish Historical Society of Oregon.
    [August 2005]

    SYNAGOGUES OF OREGON    :  [2004]

    Oregon Jewish History: [August 2005]

    Oklahoma OK Burial Sites:  5

    SYNAGOGUES OF OKLAHOMA: [2004]

    Jewish Oklahoma links [October 2010]

    Department of Judaic & Israel Studies from the University of Oklahoma [October 2010]

     

    [UPDATE] Oklahoma -  A Jewish Story: Opportunity, Contrast and Conflict [November 2016]

     

    Ohio: OH Burial Sites:  34

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Greater Cincinnati Contact
    Jewish Genealogy Society of Cleveland Contact
    Jewish Genealogical Society of Dayton Contact
    Jewish Genealogical Group contact, Columbus Jewish Historical Society.

    Listing of Ohio cemeteries

    SYNAGOGUES OF OHIO: [2000]

    North Dakota ND Burial Sites:  15

    JEWISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF THE GREATER MIDWEST: [August 2005]

    North Dakota Jewish Historical Project, PO Box 2431, Fargo, ND 58102

    HISTORICAL NEWSPAPERS OF MINNESOTA:  [August 2005]

    Unpacking on the Prairie: Jewish Women of the Upper Midwest. [October 2010]

    Jewish North Dakota. [October 2010]

    Bibliography:
    1. Burleigh County, North Dakota, book of remembrances - compiled and edited by Beth Bauman, Gail Gorden, Dorothy Jackman, Bismarck, ND, Bismarck-Mandan Genealogical and Historical Society, 1994
    2. Dakota Diaspora: memoirs of a Jewish homesteader - Sophie Trupin, Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press, 1988, 1984
    3. Jewish cowboy, Isaac Raboy - translated from the Yiddish by Nathaniel Shapiro. Uniform Title: Yidisher kauboy. English Westfield, NJ, Tradition Books, 1989
    4. Rachel Calof's story: Jewish homesteader on the Northern Plains - J. Sanford Rikoon, volume editor; translated from the Yiddish by Jacob Calof and Molly Shaw, Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 1995
    5. "Proving up and Moving up": Jewish Homesteading Activity in North Dakota, 1900-1920. Janet E. Schulte. Brandeis Universit. [October 2010]
    6. Finding Aid to William Sherman's Jewish Settlement in North Dakota Collection. Jewish settlement by name and county[ October 2010]
    STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY JEWISH RECORDS. [August 2005]

    Dakota Jewish History Project. Records, 1953 (10231) .5 ft. Summary: Consists of reports, correspondence, bank statements, notes, newspaper clippings, printed material and questionnaires containing information on Jewish history in the Dakotas. Sponsored by the Dakota Council of B'nai B'rith. Bismarck, ND.

    Dickinson Agoodas Achim Congregation. Certificate, 1916 (80071) 1 item. Articles of incorporation.

    Related material:

    • Aronson, Dora. Papers, 1913-1937 (20586) 11 items.
    • Lashkowitz, Harry. Papers, 1919-1965 (1044) 2.25ft.
    • Thal, Alfred A. papers, 1916-1968 (10241) 6 ft.
    • Wold, Frances M. Papers, 1917, 1971, 1976 (20388) 4 items.
    • Jewish Agricultural Society, 1928, 1943.
    • Jewish Theological Seminary of America. American Jewish History Center. Proceedings of the conference on the writing of regional history: with the emphasis on religion and ethnic groups. NY: The Center, 1956. 907/J555
    • Nudelman, Eugene R. The family of Joseph Nudelman. C1969. 929.2/N884f
    • Plaut, W Gunther. "The Jews in Minnesota; the first seventy-five years" from American Jewish Communal Histories, no. 3. 977.6/P698
    • Schwartz, Lois Field. "Early Jewish agricultural colonies in North Dakota" in North Dakota History Vol 32 #4, Oct 1965.
    • Trupin, Sophie. Dakota diaspora: memoirs of a Jewish homesteader. Berkeley, CA: Alternative Press, 1985. 92/T774
    • Western States Jewish Historical Quarterly, 1976-present.

    North Carolina NC Burial Sites:  27

    • Jewish Heritage Foundation of North Carolina [2005]
    • Carolina Center for Jewish Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  [2005]
    • Southern Jewish Historical Society [2005]
    • SYNAGOGUES OF NORTH CAROLINA: [2004]
    • Museum of the Southern Jewish Experience, PO Box 16528, Jackson, MS 39236-0528, (601) 362-6357.Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Initially designed to represent Jews and Jewish culture in Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama, Arkansas, and Tennessee, the museum plans to reflect the entire South.
    BIBLIOGRAPHY: [2005]
    Rogoff, Leonard. Homelands : Southern Jewish Identity in Durham-Chapel Hill and North Carolina (Judaic Studies Series) University Alabama Press. 2001. ISBN: 081731055X
    Rogoff, Leonard. Down Home: Jewish Life in North Carolina

    New York NY Burial Sites:  140

    GENERAL STATE OF NEW YORK INFORMATION:

    Jewish Communal Register of NYC 1917-18 and all editions of the American Jewish Year Book, including those with national directories of  local organizations, can be searched at the American Jewish Committee Archives. YIVO's Workmen's Circle collection is now RG [Record Group] 575, titled "Workmen's Circle 1893-1972," consisting of 296 linear feet.

    NY State, Department of State, Division of Cemeteries.

    Jewish Genealogical Society of the Capital District

    Jewish Genealogy Society of Buffalo

    Jewish Genealogical Society, Inc. (NYC)

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Rochester

    Orthodox Jewish Archives of Agudath Israel
    84 William Street
    New York, NY 10038
    (212) 797-9000

    In addition to the American Jewish Yearbook and the WPA book, an excellent source on landsmanshaftn is the "Jewish Communal Register of New York City, 1917-1918" that book also lists NYC Jewish cemeteries; for many, acreage is included--a very useful bit of info when one is "cold calling" every cemetery, i.e. find out which are the largest and call those first. The book describes Jewish cemeteries that once existed in Manhattan on 32nd, 89th, and 105th Streets, and on Madison Avenue in the 70's. Beginning in the 1850's, which brought soaring real estate prices and legislation restricting further interments in Manhattan, remains were moved from those burial places to new cemeteries in Queens and Brooklyn. Consequently, Bayside, Beth El, and other cemeteries contain the graves of people who died years before the cemeteries opened. Source: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. [February 2001]

    New York State Cemeteries Name/Location Inventory 1995-1997 , compiled by the Association for Municipal Historians of New York State (3 vols.). Heritage Books, the publisher, donated copies to New York Public Library, New York State Library in Albany, and several other libraries in New York State so they should be available via interlibrary loan. The inventory, based on information supplied by local historians, is organized by county, and then by town. Data includes type of cemetery (e.g. religious), status (active or inactive), founding date, location, and contact person or organization, but many entries have incomplete information. Source: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. [March 2001]

    SYNAGOGUES IN NY:
    http://www.maven.co.il/synagogues//a> [May 2006]

    New York State Insurance Commissioner     has information about defunct burial sites. NY State Insurance Dept., This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., 123 William Street, New York, NY 10038, 212-341-6400.

    New York State Department of State, Division of Cemeteries, 270 Broadway, New York City 10007 (212-587-5713) has address and additional information about each cemetery: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    The Liquidations Bureau, 123 William Street, New York, NY 10038, For general information call 212-341-6400. The bureau "effected the final dissolution and distribution of assets for 28 burial societies and other fraternal benefit organizations."

    Workmen's Circle (U.S.)

    • Title: Records, [ca. 1897-1975] Description: 258 linear ft. Notes: Established 1892 by Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe, primarily for the purpose of mutual aid. Became fraternal order, 1900; chartered 1905. ... and Cemetery Department, 1904-1937. YIVO collections are in Yiddish, Russian, Polish, English, Hebrew, and other European and non-European languages. Location: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York, NY. Control No.: NXYH89-A475 [December 2000]

    • American Jewish Committee Archives. YIVO's Workmen's Circle collection is now RG [Record Group] 575, titled "Workmen's Circle 1893-1972," consisting of 296 linear feet. [August 2009]

    Organizations such as burial societies are listed in the 1907-08 edition of the American Jewish Yearbook , which contains hundreds of landsmanshaften and other groups. In 1938, the Yiddish Writers Group of the WPA (Works Progress Organization) conducted a survey of landsmanshaften and family circles. The books detailing the results of the survey and the organizations that responded are available in the Jewish Division of the New York Public Library. Most of it is in Yiddish, but a list of the groups is in English. Source: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    Note: Flora and Herbert Gursky of Great Falls, Virginia, compiled a list of burials in the New York City area from the landsmannshaft societies of Lysyanka and Tagancha, Ukraine, and of Raciaz (Racionz), Sokolka and Kuznica in Poland. The information includes the name of the individual and, when available, birth and death dates, age, Hebrew name, and family relationship annotations. For information concerning specific individuals, please write to them, enclosing a SASE, at 10201 Walker Lake Drive, Great Falls, VA, 22066.

    New York City surrounding area cemetery information: NY JGS Cemetery Page.

    (mostly non-Jewish cemetery information)[2000]
    (mostly non-Jewish Long Island cemetery information) [2000]

    Queens, and the rest of New York State

    LONG ISLAND: (Nassau and Suffolk Counties) See also New York City,

    Jewish Genealogy Society of Long Island Contact information at: http://www.jgsli.org/

    Jewish Genealogical Society, Inc. (NYC)

    New York City surrounding area cemetery information: NY JGS Cemetery Page.
    Rootsweb: mostly non-Jewish cemetery information) [2000]
    LI Genealogy: mostly non-Jewish cemetery information [2000]

    New York State Insurance Commissioner has information about defunct burial sites. NY State Insurance Dept., This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., 123 William Street, New York, NY 10038, (212) 341-6400. The bureau "effected the final dissolution and distribution of assets for 28 burial societies and other fraternal benefit organizations."

    New York State Department of State, Division of Cemeteries, 270 Broadway, New York City 10007 (212) 587-5713 has address and additional information about each cemetery: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    Organizations such as burial societies are listed in the 1907-08 edition of the American Jewish Yearbook , which contains hundreds of landsmanshaften and other groups. In 1938, the Yiddish Writers Group of the WPA (Works Progress Organization) conducted a survey of landsmanshaften and family circles. The books detailing the results of the survey and the organizations that responded are available in the Jewish Division of the New York Public Library. Most of it is in Yiddish, but a list of the groups is in English. Source: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.;

    Note: Flora and Herbert Gursky of Great Falls, Virginia, compiled a list of burials in the New York City area from the landsmannshaft societies of Lysyanka and Tagancha, Ukraine, and of Raciaz (Racionz), Sokolka and Kuznica in Poland. The information includes the name of the individual and, when available, birth and death dates, age, Hebrew name, and family relationship annotations. For information concerning specific individuals, please write to them, enclosing a SASE, at 10201 Walker Lake Drive, Great Falls, VA, 22066.

    Workmen's Circle (U.S.) Title: Records, [ca. 1897-1975]
    Description: 258 linear ft.
    Notes: Established 1892 by Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe, primarily for the purpose of mutual aid. Became fraternal order, 1900; chartered 1905. ... and Cemetery Department, 1904-1937. YIVO collections are in Yiddish, Russian, Polish, English, Hebrew, and other European and non-European languages. Location: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York, NY
    Control No.: NXYH89-A475 [December 2000]

    NEW YORK CITY -- QUEENS

    Jewish Genealogical Society, Inc. (NYC) and Jewish Genealogy Society of Long Island

    NEW YORK CITY -- METROPOLITAN AREA

    Jewish Genealogical Society, Inc. (NYC)

    Jewish Genealogy Society of Long Island

    Orthodox Jewish Archives of Agudath Israel
    84 William Street
    New York, NY 10038
    (212) 797-9000

    New York Landsmanshaftn and Other Jewish Organizations:

    Workmen's Circle (U.S.):

    • Title: Records, [ca. 1897-1975] Description: 258 linear ft. Notes: Established 1892 by Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe, primarily for the purpose of mutual aid. Became fraternal order, 1900; chartered 1905. ... and Cemetery Department, 1904-1937. YIVO collections are in Yiddish, Russian, Polish, English, Hebrew, and other European and non-European languages. Location: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York, NY. Control No.: NXYH89-A475 [December 2000]

    • American Jewish Committee Archives. YIVO's Workmen's Circle collection is now RG [Record Group] 575, titled "Workmen's Circle 1893-1972," consisting of 296 linear feet. [August 2009]

    Metropolitan New York Area Cemeteries Indexed by Cemetery Name

    The JGS of New York's Burial Societies in the New York Metropolitan Area database [February 2001]

    A map of the cemeteries of the NY City area. Jewish Cemeteries in the NY and NJ Area with driving directions [2000]

    Information for 135 cemeteries, and links to Yahoo! Maps - Driving Directions

    In addition to the American Jewish Yearbook and the WPA book, an excellent source on landsmanshaftn is the "Jewish Communal Register of New York City, 1917-1918" that book also lists NYC Jewish cemeteries; for many, acreage is included--a very useful bit of info when one is "cold calling" every cemetery, i.e. find out which are the largest and call those first. The book describes Jewish cemeteries that once existed in Manhattan on 32nd, 89th, and 105th Streets, and on Madison Avenue in the 70's. Beginning in the 1850's, which brought soaring real estate prices and legislation restricting further interments in Manhattan, remains were moved from those burial places to new cemeteries in Queens and Brooklyn. Consequently, Bayside, Beth El, and other cemeteries contain the graves of people who died years before the cemeteries opened. Source: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.,  [February 2001] ]

    New York State Cemeteries Name/Location Inventory 1995-1997, compiled by the Association for Municipal Historians of New York State (3 vols.). Heritage Books, the publisher, donated copies to New York Public Library, New York State Library in Albany, and several other libraries in New York State so they should be available via interlibrary loan. The inventory, based on information supplied by local historians, is organized by county, and then by town. Data includes type of cemetery (e.g. religious), status (active or inactive), founding date, location, and contact person or organization, but many entries have incomplete information. Source: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. [March 2001

    Why so many cemeteries straddle the Queens-Brooklyn border:  "Eternal Rest Grant Unto Them" Long Island Newsday [January 2011]

    "The Cemetery Belt" Long Island Newsday [January 2011]

    Brooklyn Eagle Archive, 20 Jun 1886 article about NY area Jewish cemeteries.

    UPDATE: NY Times article about the demise of burial societies, and the impact of same on cemeteries in NY and elsewhere.  [Dec. 2013]

    SYNAGOGUES IN NY metro area [2004]
    NY area synagogues [December 2002]

    New York State Insurance Commissioner has information about defunct burial sites.  NY State Insurance Dept., This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., 123 William Street, New York, NY 10038, 212-341-6400. The bureau "effected the final dissolution and distribution of assets for 28 burial societies and other fraternal benefit organizations."

    New York State Department of State, Division of Cemeteries, 270 Broadway, New York City 10007 (212-587-5713) has address and additional information about each cemetery: Joel Maxman

    Organizations such as burial societies are listed in the 1907-08 edition of the American Jewish Yearbook , which contains hundreds of landsmanshaften and other groups. In 1938, the Yiddish Writers Group of the WPA (Works Progress Organization) conducted a survey of landsmanshaften and family circles. The books detailing the results of the survey and the organizations that responded are available in the Jewish Division of the New York Public Library. Most of it is in Yiddish, but a list of the groups is in English. Source: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    New York Landmanshaften [February 2010]

    Note: Flora and Herbert Gursky of Great Falls, Virginia, compiled a list of burials in the New York City area from the landsmannshaft societies of Lysyanka and Tagancha, Ukraine, and of Raciaz (Racionz), Sokolka and Kuznica in Poland. The information includes the name of the individual and, when available, birth and death dates, age, Hebrew name, and family relationship annotations. For information concerning specific individuals, please write to them, enclosing a SASE, at 10201 Walker Lake Drive, Great Falls, VA, 22066.

    CEMETERY or
    CONGREGATION    		 CITY or TOWN, and STATE WHERE LISTED
    Acacia Cemetery Ozone Park NYC
    Agudas Achim Cemetery Setauket, LI, NY NY: State
    Ahavas Zion Cemetery NJ - Newark NJ - Newark
    Ahavath Chesed Synagogue Ridgewood, Queens: see Linden Hill Cem. NY State
    Ahavath Joseph Cong. Cem. Hawthorne, NJ NJ
    Arlington Jewish Cemetery Newark, NJ NJ - Newark
    Baron Hirsh Cemetery Staten Island, NY NYC
    Bayshore Jewish Center Bayshore, see Oakwood Cemetery NY State
    Bayside Cemetery Ozone Park, Queens, NYC
    Belmont Ave. Cemetery Newark NJ NJ - Newark
    Beth Abraham: Newark, NJ, see Union Fields-Beth Abr. Newark, NJ
    Beth Abraham Cemetery E. Brunswick, NJ NJ
    Beth David Cemetery Elmont, LI NY State
    Beth David Memorial Park Kenelworth, NJ NJ
    Beth David Memorial Park Union, NJ NJ
    Beth El Cemetery Paramus, NJ NJ
    Beth El Cemetery: Glendale, Queens, NY, see Beth-El Cemetery, Ridgewood, NY NYC
    Beth Israel Memorial Park Woodbridge, NJ NJ
    Beth Moses Cemetery Farmingdale, LI, see Beth Moses Cem., Pinelawn, NY NY State
    Beth Moses Cemetery Pinelawn, LI, NY NY State
    Beth Olom Cemetery Brooklyn, NY NYC
    Beth-El Cemetery Paramus, NJ NJ
    Beth-El Cemetery Ridgewood, Queens, NY NYC
    Bnai Abraham Cemetery Union, NJ NJ
    Bnai Israel & Samuel Paterson, NJ NJ
    Bnai Jeshurun Manhattan: see Beth Olom Cemetery NYC
    Cedar Grove Cemetery Flushing, Queens, NY: see Mount Hebron Cemetery NYC
    Cedar Park Cemetery Ridgewood, Queens, NY, see Linden Hill Cem. NYC
    Central Synagogue

    Cong. Agudas Israel Cem. Newburgh, NY NY State
    Cong. Anshe Emeth Cem. Deans, NJ: see South Brunswick-NJ NJ
    Cong. Shaare Zedek Cem. Queens NYC
    Cong. Shearith Israel Manhattan NYC
    Cypress Hills Cemetery Brooklyn, NY NYC
    Degel Yegudo Cemetery Deans, NJ: see Floral Park Cem. NJ
    East Ridgelawn Cemetery Clifton, NJ: see Menorah Cemetery, Clifton NJ NJ
    Evergreen Cemetery Hillside, NJ NJ
    Fair Lawn Cemetery Fair Lawn, NJ NJ
    Ferncliff Cem. & Crematory Hartsdale, NY NY State
    Floral Park Cemetery Monmouth Jct., NJ NJ
    George Washington Cemetery Paramus, NJ NJ
    Grove St. Cemetery Newark/E.Orange NJ NJ - Newark
    Highland View Cemetery Ridgewood, Queens, NY: see Mount Judah Cemetery NYC
    Hungarian Union Fields Cem Ridgewood, Queens, NY NYC
    Huntington Cemetery Huntington, LI, NY NY State



    Kenisco Cemetery Valhalla, NY NY State
    King David Cemetery Putnam Valley, NY NY State
    King Solomon Memorial Park Clifton, NJ:see W. Ridgelawn Cemetery, Clifton NJ
    Kings Park Cemetery Kings Park, NY NY State
    Knollwood Park Cemetery Ridgewood, Queens, NY NYC
    Last United Synag. Cemetery Calverton, NY NY State
    Linden Hill Cemetery Ridgewood, Queens, NY NYC
    Long Island National Cemetery Pinelawn, LI, NY NY State
    Machpelah Cemetery Glendale, Queens, NY NYC
    Maimonides Cemetery Brooklyn, NY NYC
    Maimonides Cemetery Elmont, LI, NY NYC
    Manhattan Cemetery Manhattan NYC
    Maple Grove Cemetery Kew Gardens, Queens, NY Kew Gardens, Queens, NY
    Menorah Cemetery Clifton, NJ NJ
    Meretz Cemetery Brooklyn, NY: see Washington Cemetery, Brooklyn NYC
    Mokom Sholom Cemetery Ozone Park, Queens, NY NYC
    Montefiore Cemetery St. Albans, Queens, NY NYC
    Mount Ararat Cemetery Farmingdale, LI, NY NY State
    Mount Carmel Cemetery New Glendale, LI, NY: see New Mount Carmel Cemetery NY State
    Mount Carmel Cemetery Glendale, Queens, NY NYC
    Mount Hebron Cemetery Flushing, Queens, NY NYC
    Mount Judah Cemetery Ridgewood, Queens, NY NYC
    Mount Lebanon Cemetery Glendale, Queens, NY NYC
    Mount Lebanon Cemetery Iselin, NJ: see New Mt. Lebanon Cemetery, Iselin NJ
    Mount Moriah Cemetery Fairview, NJ NJ
    Mount Neboh Cemetery Glendale, Queens, NY NYC
    Mount Pleasant Cemetery Hawthorne, NY NY State
    Mount Zion Cemetery Maspeth, Queens, NY NYC
    Mt. Eden Cemetery Hawthorne, NY NY State
    Mt. Golda Cemetery Huntington, LI, NY NY State
    Mt. Hope Cemetery Cypress Hills, NY NYC
    Mt. Hope Cemetery Hastings-on-Hudson, NY NY State
    Mt. Richmond Cemetery Staten Island, NY NYC
    Mt. Zion Cemetery (New) NJ: Lyndhurst NJ
    New Montefiore Cemetery Pinelawn, LI, NY: see New Montefiore, W. Babylon, NY NY State
    New Montefiore Cemetery West Babylon, NY NY State
    New Mount Carmel Cemetery Glendale, Queens, NY NYC
    New Mount Lebanon Cem. Iselin, NJ NJ
    New Mt. Zion Cemetery Lyndhurst, NJ NJ
    New Union Field Cemetery Queens: (Ridgewood) see Beth El Cem. NYC
    New Washington Cemetery Deans, NJ NJ
    Oakwood Cemetery Bayshore, LI, NY NY State



    Oheb Shalom Cemetery Hillside, NJ NJ
    Old Montefiore Cemetery St. Albans, Queens, NY: see Montefiore Cemetery, NYC
    Patchogue Hebrew Congreg. Holbrook, NY NY State
    Pinelawn Memorial Park & Cem. Pinelawn, LI, NY NY State
    Riverside Cemetery Saddlebrook, NJ NJ
    Salem Fields Cemetery Brooklyn, NY NYC
    Shaare Tefilah Manhattan: see Beth Olom Cemetery NYC
    Sharey Tefilo Cemetery Montclair, NJ NJ
    Sharon Gardens Cemetery see Kenisco Cemetery NY State
    Shearith Israel Manhattan: see Beth Olom Cemetery NYC
    Shearith Israel Cemetery Brooklyn, NY: see Beth Olom Cemetery NYC
    Silver Lake Cemetery Staten Island, NY NYC
    Stephen Wise Free Synag. Cem. Hastings-on-Hudson NY State
    Talmud Torah Cemetery Newark, NJ NJ
    Temple Bnai Jeshurun Short Hills, NJ: see Belmont Ave. Cem. NJ
    Temple Bnai Zion Bloomfield, NJ: see Menorah Cemetery, Clifton NJ NY
    Temple Emanu-El

    Temple Israel Cemetery Hastings-on-Hudson NY State
    Union Field Cemetery Ridgewood, Queens, NY NYC
    Union Fields-Beth Abraham Cem. Irvington/Newark NJ - Newark
    United Hebrew Cemetery Staten Island, NY NYC
    Washington Cemetery Brooklyn, NY NYC
    Washington Cemetery Deans, NJ: see New Washington NJ
    Wellwood Cemetery Farmingdale, LI, NY: see Wellwood Cemetery, Pinelawn, NY NY State
    Wellwood Cemetery Pinelawn, LI, NY NY State
    West Ridgelawn Cemetery Clifton, NJ NJ
    Westchester Hills Free Synag. Hastings-on-Hudson NY State

     

    New Mexico NM Burial Sites:  6

    New Mexico Jewish Historical Society: [January 2001]

    The Bloom Southwest Jewish Archives Rochlin Collection of Arizona Jewish History.  [November 2019]
    Leona G. and David A. Bloom Southwest Jewish Archives: Arizona Pioneers
    1052 North Highland Avenue
    Tucson, AZ 85721
    (520) 621-5774
    Photo collection


    University of Arizona Library
    Special Collections
    1510 E. University
    P.O. Box 210055
    Tucson, Arizona 85721
    tel. 520-621-6423
    fax-520-621-9733

    List of synagogues and congregations in New Mexico [November 2019]


    "Decline in an Age of Expansion: Disappearing Jewish Communities in the Era of Mass Migration" by Lee Shai Weissbach mentions New Mexico. [January 2001]

    "'Crypto-Jews' In The Southwest Find Faith In A Shrouded Legacy" article on NPR website

    New Jersey NJ Burial Sites:  97

    • Jewish Genealogical Society of Bergen County Contact information

      Jewish Genealogical Society of North Jersey Contact information

      Jewish Genealogical Society of Central Jersey Contact information

      Jewish Genealogical Society of Greater Philadelphia (South Jersey sub-group) Contact information

      Jewish Historical Society of Central Jersey
      Nathan M. Reiss, President
      E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    • Jewish Historical Society of MetroWest
    • This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., Archivist
    • 901 Route 10 East, Whippany, NJ 07981-1156
    • PH: 973-929-2995 FAX: 973-428-8237

    • Jewish Historical Society of North Jersey
    • PO Box 708,West Paterson, NJ 07424
    • (973) 785-9119

    • Jewish Historical Society of Central Jersey
    • c/o Rachel Weintraub, 228 Livingston Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
    • (732) 249-4894

    • Trenton Jewish Historical Society

    SYNAGOGUES IN NEW JERSEY: [May 2006] [2004]

    Funeral Homes in NJ [2012]
    Many cemeteries border on different towns so that even funeral directors sometimes confuse the town.

    Addresses and Telephones of all NJ cemeteries--Jewish and Non-Jewish:
    http://www.dagonbytes.com/graveyards/listings/statepage/newjersey/newjersey.htm [2001]

    SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY CEMETERIES (and funeral homes):
    Jewish Cemeteries in Southern New Jersey
    Crescent Burial Park
    7349 Westfield Ave
    Pennsauken, NJ 08110
    (856) 662-6313

    NORTHERN NEW JERSEY CEMETERIES:

    • ARLINGTON JEWISH: (Bergen County): see Bergen County
    • BETH ABRAHAM: see East Brunswick
    • BETH EL: see Paramus
    • CEDAR PARK: Same as Beth El, Paramus (201) 262-1100 see Paramus
    • EAST RIDGELAWN: see: Clifton 07012 (Passaic County)
    • FLORAL PARK: (Degel-Yehuda) see Deans
    • KING SOLOMON MEMORIAL PARK: see Clifton
    • MOUNT MORIAH: see Fairview
    • NEW MOUNT LEBANON: (Mt. Lebanon): see Iselin
    • NEW MOUNT ZION: see Lyndhurst
    • NEW WASHINGTON: (Washington Cemetery)
    • RIVERSIDE: Saddle Brook see Rochelle Park

    Three sources listed below have cemetery information. The phone numbers and first set of directions are from Riverside (R); the addresses and counties are from Guzik (G). The second set of directions is from Sinai Chapels Funeral Directors (S).
    1) Estelle M. Guzik, Genealogical Resources in the New York Metropolitan Area (Jewish Genealogical Society, Inc., P.O. Box 6398, NY, NY 10128, 1989), Appendix C, page 390.
    2) Funeral Procession Directions to Cemeteries from Riverside Memorial Chapel, 180 W. 76th Street, New York, New York 10023, (212) 362-6600.
    3) Sinai Chapels Funeral Directors, Resnick & Buchbinder, Inc., (718) 445-0300: 162-05 Horace Harding Expwy., Fresh Meadows, NY 11365 in Queens and 630 Amsterdam Avenue (at 91st Street) in Manhattan. (800) 446-0406.

     

    New Hampshire NH Burial Sites:  9

    New Hampshire Synagogue Links: [2000]

    New Hampshire Jewish history. [October 2010]

    New Hampshire Federation. [October 2010]

    BOOK: The Jewish Cemeteries of New Hampshire [Paperback]. Joshua L. Segal. ISBN-10: 097640575X and ISBN-13: 978-0976405757: Rabbi Joshua Segal of Congregation Betenu, Amherst, NH: "Given the small Jewish population of New Hampshire, I was surprised to discover 20-Jewish cemeteries in the state. The book started off as an opportunity to inform those needing Jewish cemetery spaces in the state about their options, but it grew into a history of the Jews of New Hampshire." In addition, the book provides a step-by-step procedure for a cemetery committee to make rules and regulations with examples of the disasters that can occur when they don't. For genealogists, the sources for cemetery data are listed. Issues such as cemetery maintenance and preservation are also addressed."


     

    Nevada NV Burial Sites:  16

    Jewish Genealogy Society of Southern Nevada  [October 2019]

    Jewish history of Nevada. [July 2011]


    American Jewish Archives: "Decline in an Age of Expansion: Disappearing Jewish Communities in the Era of Mass Migration" by Lee Shai Weissbach mentions Nevada.

    SYNAGOGUES IN NEVADA

    Commission for the Preservation of Pioneer Jewish Cemeteries in the West [October 2019]

    Nebraska NE Burial Sites:  4

    Nebraska Jewish Historical Society
    333 South 132nd Street
    Omaha, NE 68154-2198
    (402) 334-6442

    A re-creation of a neighborhood shul, timeline history of Nebraska and Iowa synagogues, artifacts and photo displays depicting Jewish life and culture since the 1860s. Mon-Thurs, 10 am-4 pm. Groups by appt. Free. 402-334-6442. Jewish Omaha [September 1, 2005]

    Cherry County: Kincaid Act: Ella Fleishman Auerbach. 1927. A Record of the Jewish Settlement in Nebraska. Typescript, Nebraska State Historical Society, Lincoln. Pages 66-69. Only the pertinent portion of the entire typescript is included here. The Nebraska Sandhills: the Human Landscape has a map of the claims. "1906 'Kincaid Act', land in the western part of Nebraska, giving each settler the right to file 640 acres of land. In 1880 and 1909 fourteen Jewish immigrant families, all of whom, with one exception, came either from Milwaukee or Omaha, took up homesteads under this Act. The settlement was located between two railroads, 45 miles from the town of Gordon on the Northwestern, and 25 miles from the Town of Hyannis on the Burlington.The Jewish farmers therefore engaged largely in stock raising. In 1908, the Jewish Agricultural Society made them loans for various farm purposes. But it was plain to the Society that the settlement would only be of temporary duration. In 1913, at the end of the minimum period required to get a title, the families commenced to move out. Three left that year, one the following year, and the rest in 1915 and 1916. ... All of the Cherry county farmers were youth of Russian origin, in their twenties (only two were over 30, and one as young as 14), and all of them, with but one exception, had been in this country only two or three years." Source of this Jewish settlement in Nebraska with names [September 2005]


    SYNAGOGUES IN NEBRASKA:

    Montana MT Burial Sites:  8

    AJA: "Decline in an Age of Expansion: Disappearing Jewish Communities in the Era of Mass Migration" by Lee Shai Weissbach. [January 2001]

    The Montana Association of Jewish Communities [August 2005]

    Synagogues in Montana [October 2010]

    Jewish history [October 2010]

     

    Missouri MO Burial Sites:  25

    Jewish Special Interest Group of the St. Louis Genealogical Society. (formerly Jewish Genealogical Society of St. Louis)

    Brodsky Jewish Community Library
    St. Louis Community Jewish Archives
    Barbara Raznick, Library Director
    12 Millstone Campus Drive
    St. Louis, MO 63146
    314.432.0020
    Fax: 314.432.6150

    SYNAGOGUES IN MISSOURI: [2000

     

    Mississippi MS Burial Sites:  29

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    GENERAL HISTORY OF MISSISSIPPI JEWRY: Jews in Early Mississippi by Rabbi and Mrs. Leo E. Turitz deals with the history of Mississippi Jews from the 1840's into the turn of the century. This book is currently out of print, but libraries may have it. Try the Library, Department of Archives and History, P.O. Box 571, Jackson, MS 29305 for a copy. The book does not deal with the cemeteries directly, but may be of some help.

    Inventory of the Church and Synagogue Archives of Mississippi, Jewish Congregations and Organizations is a mimeographed booklet prepared in November 1940 by the Mississippi Historical Records Survey Project, Division of Professional and Service Projects, Work Projects Administration, sponsored by Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, Miss at Mississippi State Conference. B'nai B'rith. Cemeteries are listed in order of town, then county. Whether congregations were active or inactive was indicated. "*" indicates that these were visited by Rabbi and Mrs. Turitz and mentioned in their book. The sources below are from Rabbi & Mrs. Turitz unless otherwise indicated.

    Museum of the Southern Jewish Experience, PO Box 16528, Jackson, MS 39236-0528, (601) 362-6357. Goldring/Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life [August 2005]

    links to Mississippi newspapers. [August 2005]


    SYNAGOGUES IN MISSISSIPPI: [May 2004]

    BIBLIOGRAPHY:
    • University of Southern Mississippi Jewish resources [August 2005]
    • Cohen, Edward. Peddler's Grandson: Growing up Jewish in Mississippi. Jackson : University Press of Mississippi, 1999. [COOK & McCAIN F 349 .J13 C64 1999]  [August 2005]
    • Feibleman, Julian Beck. An Oral History with Julian Beck Feibleman, Native Mississippian, Rabbi Emeritus, Temple Sinai, New Orleans.  New Orleans: Mississippi Oral History Program of the University of Southern Mississippi,  1974. [McCAIN F341.5 .M57 v.80x]  [August 2005]
    • Inventory of the Church and Synagogue Archives of Mississippi.  Jackson, Mississippi: Mississippi Historical Records Survey Project, 1940. [McCAIN CD3320 .H48 J4]  [August 2005]
    • Isaacson, Abe. From the Russian Ghetto to the Mississippi Delta. Photocopy. Missouri Historical Society, 1970.  [McCAIN F350 .J5 I83x ] [August 2005]

     

    Minnesota MN Burial Sites:  9

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY
    Jewish Historical Society of the Upper Midwest
    Barry Family Campus/Sabes JCC
    4330 Cedar Lake Road
    Minneapolis, Minnesota 55416
    952 381-3360
    Source: Susan Hoffman [July 2005]

    SYNAGOGUES IN MINNESOTA: [2004]

    Jewish Minnesota

    Minneapolis weekly American Jewish World, published since 1912. 
    This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
    4509 Minnetonka Boulevard
    Minneapolis, Minnesota 55416
    (952) 920-7000

    Massachusetts MA Burial Sites:  62

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY
    Jewish Genealogical Society of Greater Boston: Contact information

    Western Massachusetts Jewish Genealogy Society: Contact information

    Berkshire Jewish Archives Council
    75 Mountain Drive
    Pittsfield, MA 01201

    Jewish Historical Society of the North Shore
    One Community Road
    Marblehead, MA 01945-2704
    This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
    (781) 631-0831

    Jewish Historical Society of Western Massachusetts
    The Old Firehouse
    Seven Sugarloaf Street
    South Deerfield, MA 01373
    This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    (413) 665-0066

    SYNAGOGUES IN MASSACHUSETTS: May 2006] [2004]

    SYNAGOGUES IN BOSTON: [February 2002]

    Massachusetts death certificates (available at the Massachusetts Archives [1841-1900] and the Registry of Vital Records and Statistics [1901-date) list the deceased individual's burial site. Death certificates should be researched first to ascertain the correct cemetery.

    JEWISH CEMETERY ASSOCIATION OF MASSACHUSETTS
    Facility Director: Mark A. Siskowitz, President
    Jane D. Salk, Executive Director
    Miriam Drukman, Administrator
    Address: Jewish Cemetery Association of Mass., Inc.
    1320 Centre Street, Suite #306
    Newton Centre, MA 02159
    Phone Number: (617) 244-6509 (800-752-JCAM).
    Hours of Operation: Monday to Thursday: 9:00am - 5:00pm
    Friday: 9:00am - 2:00pm/Closed Jewish Holidays.
    website:
    Directions: The JCAM office is located on Centre Street in Newton, just north of Newton Centre. The Jewish Cemetery Association of Massachusetts (JCAM) was founded in 1984 to meet regional needs for cemetery rehabilitation, management and preservation. To these ends it has focused on abandoned Jewish cemeteries and has encouraged affiliation of active cemetery associations as a necessary alternative to dissolution. JCAM is mentored by the Combined Jewish Philanthropies (CJP) of Greater Boston and the Synagogue Council of Massachusetts. Liaisons have been established with the major Jewish service organizations, cemetery and legal services. JCAM publications include the annual Guide to Jewish Cemeteries and a quarterly newsletter.

    The JCAM office answers telephone and mail (preferred) inquiries and responds to visits. Its database can produce lists of affiliated cemeteries and names of interred individuals, often with burial dates. Maps of cemetery sites and burial plot arrangements exist for many cemeteries. Their archive has become a valuable resource for people searching for relatives' graves. JCAM's computer database from the records of individual cemeteries eventually will provide a practical and historical record of all Jewish burials in the greater Boston area. The JCAM database currently contains over 40,000 individual entries from 43 cemeteries, split up into five separate databases: West Roxbury, Woburn, North Shore, Everett and Framingham/Natick. The database contains records for each cemetery JCAM manages. (see exceptions below). The database includes nothing for privately managed cemeteries. [Exceptions: Records of the Plymouth Rock Cemetery in Brockton and Temple Ohabei Shalom in East Boston are at the JCAM office, but not in the database. There is no written record for Sons of Benjamin (Grove Street), Chevra Thillim and Shary Cedeck (Centre Street). Records for Beth Abraham (Grove Street) are incomplete. For each individual, the database contains the surname and given name, date of death (usually), and grave location (cemetery, section and lot number). For burials since 1984, the database also contains the name and address of next of kin. Some information on plot ownership is also available. The types and quality of the data vary, since the information for each cemetery comes from diverse original sources. There is no public access to the database; all inquiries must be made through the JCAM office.

    About 34,000 names have been supplied by JCAM to IAJGS. The associations or cemeteries for which names have been supplied are indicated with a number within {} next to the association name.

    Finding Aids: JCAM's annual Guide to Jewish Cemeteries lists its member cemeteries, along with a contact representative for each. The Guide provides maps and directions to cemetery locations and lists leading funeral and cemetery service organizations in the Boston metropolitan area. While no change is made for information, donations to JCAM are suggested.

    1987-88 Guide to Jewish Cemeteries. published: Newton Centre, Mass.: Jewish Cemetery Association of Massachusetts
    JCAM Member Cemeteries are divided into two categories: Constituent members are Jewish cemeteries, which have merged assets and liabilities, including all property and archives, into JCAM. Sustaining members are independent cemetery associations that support the concepts of JCAM with their membership. Several sustaining members contract for one or more of the management services offered by JCAM; they are indicated in the list below with an asterisk. Note: (The information for the "contact" on those for Woburn shown below came from a different source. The area code for all phone numbers is 617. Also see Woburn for those not listed here. Caretakers of those with a contact name are Gennaro and Steven Vozzella, 11 Washington St., Woburn, Mass. 01801 (617-935-1564). Also see Woburn for some not listed under the JCAM. The names of burials were supplied by JCAM. Constituent and Sustaining: (Constituent indicated by a c at the right side of line.) Sustaining Members of JCAM: Total of 126 cemeteries -- 41 constituent members, 85 sustaining members (including 14 cemeteries managed by JCAM). Contact JCAM.

    Massachusetts' death certificates (available at the Massachusetts Archives [1841-1900] and the Registry of Vital Records and Statistics [1901-date] list the deceased individual's burial site. Death certificates should be researched first, to ascertain the correct cemetery.

    Maryland MD Burial Sites:  18

    Jewish Genealogy Society of Greater Washington

    The Jewish Museum of Maryland
    15 Lloyd Street
    Baltimore, MD 21202
    410-732-6400
    Erin Titter, Acting Archivist & Librarian [April 2004]
    The JMM maintains a database of burials at Baltimore Jewish cemeteries, including partial listings from the three large cemetery complexes where most of Baltimore's Jewish cemeteries are located: Rosedale, Herring Run-Bowley's Lane, and Hebrew Mt. Carmel (German Hill Road). Searchable PDF files of burials at the following cemeteries are online: Rosedale, Southern Avenue, Herring Run, German Hill Road - Hebrew Mt. Carmel, Hebrew Friendship (includes Bikur Cholim Cong.), and Oheb Shalom-O'Donnell Street may be found at . The JMM also has records of the now-defunct Jack Lewis Funeral Home from, roughly, 1924-1939 and 1955-1965, and an obituary index from the Baltimore Jewish Times from 1940-1955. Source: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Family History Coordinator. [February, 2008]

    Jewish Historical Society of Greater Washington (Office & Archives)
    701 Fourth Street NW
    Washington, DC 20001
    (202) 789-0900
    (202) 789-0485 - FAX
    Collection includes information about the Maryland suburbs of Washington, DC.

    Also see: See Delaware: Jewish Cemeteries of the Delmarva Peninsula by Julian H. Priesler. Family Line Publications, $11.00. ISNB 13198-390-S

    Also see WASHINGTON, DC for additional information

    SYNAGOGUES IN MARYLAND: [2006]

     

    Maine ME Burial Sites:  14

    SYNAGOGUES IN MAINE: [March 2004] Synagogues in Maine [May 2006]

    Jewish history. [November 2010]

    Documenting Maine Jewry. A collaborative genealogy and history of Maine's Jewish communities.  [November 2010]

    Maine Jewish History Project of Colby College.

    Maine Jewry is a community-based history project providing information on Jewish citizens of Maine through a state of the art genealogical and historical resource reflecting the Jewish traditions of memory, remembrance and inter-generational learning including burial records from all sixteen Maine Jewish cemeteries, memorial board records from eight synagogues, headstone images, oral history interviews, scanned primary documents, and community photographs. [February 2010]

    Maine Jewish History Project [October 2010]

    OTHER REFERENCES:

    B. Band, Portland Jewry: Its Growth and Development (1955)

    M. Cohen, "Jerusalem of the North. An Analysis of Religious Modernization in Portland, Maine's Jewish Community, 1860-1950" (Honors thesis, Brown University, 2000); J.S. Goldstein

    Crossing Lines. Histories of Jews and Gentiles in Three Communities (1992)

    J.M. Lipez, "A Time to Build Up and a Time to Break Down: The Jewish Secular Institutions of Portland, Maine" (Honors thesis, Amherst College, 2002).

    Maine's Jewish Heritage (ME) (Images of America) [Paperback]. Abraham J. Peck and Jean M. Peck: "According to historian Benjamin Band, the first record of a Jew in Maine concerns Susman Abrams, a tanner who resided in Union until his death at 87 in 1830. Historical records beginning in 1849 also tell of a small Bangor community that organized a synagogue and purchased a burial ground. But it was not until the late 19th century that Jewish communities grew large enough to establish multiple synagogues, Hebrew schools for boys, kosher butcher shops, and Jewish bakeries. Eventually there were Jewish charitable societies, community centers, and social clubs across the state. Now, 150 years later, Jews serve every Maine community in every possible capacity, free from the barriers of social or religious discrimination. This book honors the accomplishments of Maine's Jewish residents." [October 2010]

    .

    Louisiana LA Burial Sites:  24

    Jewish Genealogical Society of New Orleans

    Southern Jewish Historical Society [October 2010]

    Louisiana Jewish Historical Society
    Temple Sinai
    6227 St. Charles Avenue
    New Orleans, LA 70118

    Louisiana State Archives has photo showing antebellum Jewish graves. "Because of religious beliefs, the dead were buried below ground in Jewish cemeteries, rather than as usual in New Orleans crypts or tombs." PHOTOS

    Museum of the Southern Jewish Experience
    PO Box 16528
    Jackson, MS 39236-0528, (601) 362-6357

    American Jewish Archives: "Decline in an Age of Expansion: Disappearing Jewish Communities in the Era of Mass Migration" by Lee Shai Weissbach mentions Louisiana. [January 2001]

    SYNAGOGUES IN LOUISIANA    : [2000]

    CIVIL WAR GRAVES:
    Several Civil War veterans are buried in Shreveport cemeteries. AJA . American Jewish Archives, 3101 Clifton Ave. Cincinnati, Ohio 45220-2488. 513-221-1875 (tel); 513-221-7812 (fax). E-mail: AJA contact form has list of Jewish soldiers killed during the Civil War and buried in Chattanooga, TN; Richmond, VA; Elmira, NY; Andersonville, GA; and Louisiana compiled by Melvin Young. Chattanooga, Tennessee July 1987. Miscellaneous file.

     

    Kentucky KY Burial Sites:  10

    death records search. [August 2005]

    Index of death records in Kentucky, 1 January 1911 to 31 December 1992 with name, date of death, age, place, residence, volume, certificate no., and death vol. number. Source: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Louisville
    c/o Annette & Milton Russman
    3304 Furman Blvd
    Louisville KY 40220

    Museum of the Southern Jewish Experience
    PO Box 16528
    Jackson, MS 39236-0528
    (601) 362-6357

    SYNAGOGUES IN KENTUCKY: [2004]

     

    Kansas KS Burial Sites:  12

    Heart of America Jewish Historical Society (Jewish Kansas)
    9648 Walmer Lane
    Overland Park, KS 66212

    Synagogues in Kansas [October 2010]

    Kansas City Jewish Chronicle [October 2010]

    The Jewish Community Archives of Greater Kansas City [October 2010]

     

    Iowa IA Burial Sites:  15

    Iowa Jewish Historical Society

    910 Polk Boulevard
    Des Moines, IA 50312
    (515) 277-6321

    SYNAGOGUES IN IOWA: [2004]

    Indiana IN Burial Sites:  30

    Jewish Genealogy Society of Indiana Contact

    Illiana Jewish Genealogical Society Contact

    Indiana Jewish Historical Society [September 3, 2005]
    203 West Wayne Street, #310
    Fort Wayne, IN 46802

    materials are available for Columbia City, Elkhart, Evansville, Fort Wayne, Gary, Hammond, Indianapolis, Lafayette, Ligonier, Michigan City, Marion, Muncie, South Bend, Terre Haute, and Wabash[September  2005]

    SYNAGOGUES IN INDIANA: [2004]

    Illinois IL Burial Sites:  24

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Illinois Contact

    Illiana Jewish Genealogical Society Contact

    Illinois State Genealogical Society Cemetery Location Project

    Chicago Jewish Archives
    Spertus College
    618 South Michigan Avenue
    Chicago, IL 60605
    (312) 922-9012

    Chicago Jewish Historical Society
    618 South Michigan Avenue
    Chicago, IL 60605
    (312) 663-5634

    SYNAGOGUES IN ILLINOIS: [2000]

    Idaho ID Burial Sites:  5

    Synagogues in Idaho [October 2010]
    Jewish history [October 2010]

    Hawaii HI Burial Sites:  2

    Temple Emanu-El
    Pat Roth, Archivist
    Bernard Levinson Jewish Archives
    2550 Pali Highway
    Honolulu, HI 96817
    808.595.7521
    This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    SYNAGOGUES IN HAWAII:  May [2004]

    [link no longer available]: "The first mention of Jews in connection with the islands which ultimately became the 50th U.S. state was in 1798, when a sailor on the whaler Neptune recorded in the ship's log that the Hawaiian king had come aboard and brought "a Jew cook with him." It is believed that Jewish traders from Britain and Germany arrived in the islands in the 1840s. They were later joined by Jews from California at the end of the 19th century. However, it was not until 1901 that the Hebrew Benevolent Society and a cemetery were established. In 1938 the Honolulu Jewish community was formed, and this was followed in 1951 by the consecration of a Reform synagogue." [October 2000]

    Jewish Federation of Hawaii
    2550 Pali Highway
    Honolulu, HI 96817
    Tel. 808 595 5218
    Fax :808 595 5220

     

    Georgia GA Burial Sites:  27

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Georgia Contact

    Southern Jewish Historical Society

    PO Box 5024
    Atlanta, GA 30302

    Museum of the Southern Jewish Experience
    PO Box 16528
    Jackson, MS 39236-0528
    (601) 362-6357

    GEORGIA FUNERAL HOMES by City with addresses and telephone numbers:

    GEORGIA CEMETERIES Listed Alphabetically By City

    SYNAGOGUES IN GEORGIA

    Florida FL Burial Sites:  59

    Jacksonville Jewish Genealogical Society Contact
    Jewish Genealogical Society of Broward County Contact
    Jewish Genealogical Society of Greater Miami Contact
    Jewish Genealogical Society of Greater Orlando Contact
    Jewish Genealogical Society of Palm Beach County,Inc. Contact
    Jewish Genealogical Society of Southwest Florida Contact
    Jewish Genealogical Society of Tallahassee Contact
    Jewish Genealogical Society of Tampa Bay Contact

    FLORIDA JEWISH HISTORY

    SYNAGOGUES IN FLORIDA

    Jewish Historical Society of South Florida, Inc.
    4200 Biscayne Boulevard
    Miami, FL 33137
    Price Library of Judaica
    University of Florida
    Gainesville, Florida

    US Israel Florida resource [October 2003]

    Sanford L. Ziff Jewish Museum of Florida
    301 Washington Avenue
    Miami Beach, Florida

    Delaware DE Burial Sites:  5

    Jewish Historical Society of Delaware
    505 Market Street
    Wilmington, DE 19801
    (302) 655-6232
    Julian H. Preisler published Pioneer American Synagogues: A State By State Guide and is beginning work on a directory of U.S. Jewish cemeteries, as well as an index to births, deaths, and marriages appearing in the Delaware Jewish Voice. Jewish Cemeteries of the Delmarva Peninsula, a burial index for Delaware and Maryland's Eastern Shore by Julian H. Priesler is available from Family Line Publications of Westminster, $11.00 ISNB13198-390-S.  [August 2005]

    SYNAGOGUES IN DELAWARE [May 2004]

    Schoenberg Memorial Chapel
    519 Philadelphia Pike
    Wilmington, Delaware
    (302) 762-0334
    Schoenberg Memorial Chapel records not computerized.

    Office of Vital Records
    Division of Public Health
    P.O. Box 637
    Dover, Delaware 19903

    Synagogues: also see Salisbury, Maryland: [August 2005]
    Congregation Beth Israel, Camden Ave. & Wicomico Street, Salisbury, Maryland 21801, (410) 742-2564

    Jewish history. [August 2005]

    Connecticut CT Burial Sites:  46

    As of 2000, Connecticut has two area codes: 203 for Fairfield and New Haven Counties and 860 for the rest of the state.

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Connecticut

    Jewish Historical Society of Greater Bridgeport

    3135 Park Avenue
    Fairfield, CT 06432
    (203) 335-3638

    Jewish Historical Society of Greater Hartford
    335 Bloomfield Avenue
    West Hartford, CT 06117
    (860) 236-4571

    Jewish Historical Society of Greater New Haven
    P.O. Box 3251
    New Haven, CT 06515-0351
    (203) 392-5860

    Jewish Historical Society of Greater Stamford
    PO Box 3326
    Stamford, CT 06905-0326
    (203) 321-1373, ext. 150
    Fax: 203-322-6081
    This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    Jewish Historical Society of Waterbury
    PO Box F
    Waterbury, CT 06798

    SYNAGOGUES IN CONNECTICUT

    The Connecticut Jewish Ledger , 924 Farmington Ave., West Hartford, CT 06107 annually publishes, "All Things Jewish." They have current lists of synagogues, cemeteries, funeral parlors, chevra kadisha and stonecutters in Connecticut with accurate telephone numbers and addresses. The telephone number is 1-800-286-6397. The fax is 860-231-2428. Source: Lenn Zonder, President, Congregation Sinai, 426 Washington Avenue, PO Box 309, West Haven, CT 06516-0309; e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    Hale Collection (1934): (The Connecticut State Tombstone Collection, circa 1934): Edward A Cohen, 25 Stoneham Drive, West Hartford, CT 06117 (203) 523-5521. (NOTE: Shomer Shabbos: Please do not call on Friday nights or Saturdays) and Lew Goldfarb, 22 Marilyn Road, South Windsor, CT 07064, who worked with Edward Cohen. If there is a number under the number of graves column, they have found those cemeteries. The date shows when they completed that cemetery. For more up-to-date information, contact them. (total 25,044 graves):
    Volume 1 Introduction Years
    Hale-Summary 1780-1934
    Hale-towns A to G 1780-1934
    Hale-Fairfield 1780-1934
    Hale- Hartford 1780-1934
    Volume 2 HARTFORD: Hartford, Ct: Garden, Waverly, Tower, Cleveland Ave Cemeteries
    General Map
    Names A-L 3100 names
    Names M-Z 2500 names
    Volume 3 Garden, Waverly, Tower, Cleveland Ave Cemeteries
    This disk shows how the stones are laid out, walking through the cemetery and marching down the stones.
    NWmap
    SWmap
    NEmap
    Volume 4 Mahl Avenue and Old North Cemetery (Central)
    Names
    MahlMap walking through
    Old North map
    Volume 5 Zion Hill Cemetery and Southern Hartford - (Incomplete as 6/1992)
    Names
    Map

    • BOOK: Jewish Cemeteries of Hartford, Connecticut: The Cohen/Goldfarb Collection, Vol. 1 by Edward A. Cohen and Lewis Goldfarb. Published in 1995 by Heritage Books, Inc.

    Colorado CO Burial Sites:  25

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Colorado contact

    University of Denver Rocky Mountain Jewish Historical Society

    Center for Judaic Studies

    University of Denver

    Denver, CO 80208-0292

    (303) 871-3020

    Fax: 303.871.3037

    e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    Colorado Jewish history.  [August 2005]

    University of Denver
    Penrose Library, Special Collections
    Ira M. Beck Memorial Jewish Archives of the Rocky Mountain Jewish Historical Society.
    2199 S. University Blvd.
    Denver, CO 80208
    Tel. 303.556.2740
    photos. [August 2005]

    "Decline in an Age of Expansion: Disappearing Jewish Communities in the Era of Mass Migration" by Lee Shai Weissbach mentions Colorado. American Jewish Archives [January 2001]

    SYNAGOGUES IN COLORADO
    Jewish Colorado [December 2000]

    California CA Burial Sites:  84

    • Jewish Genealogical Society of Los Angeles: contact

    • Jewish Genealogical Society of Sacramento: contact

      Jewish Genealogical Society of the Conejo Valley and Ventura County: contact

      Jewish Genealogical Society of San Diego: contact

      San Francisco Bay Area Jewish Genealogical Society: contact

     

    Hebrew Union College

    Frances-Henry Library 
    3077 University Avenue
    Los Angeles, CA 90007-3796
    213-749-3424 (switchboard)
    Circulation desk: ext. 4225, direct line (213) 765-2125

    Fax number (213) 749-1937
    Jewish local, state, and regional history: The Joseph H. Rosenberg Branch of the American Jewish Archives and a branch of the American Jewish Periodical Center.

     

    Jewish Historical Society of Southern California

    Bisno Collection
    Marco Newmark Photo Collection
    The Boyle Heights Project: Oral Histories and Photograph

    Jewish Historical Society of San Diego

    Judah L. Magnes Museum/Western Jewish History Center

     

    Los Angeles Jewish Community Library:

    Web Site: ("The Great Jewish Book Caper")

     

    Los Angeles Public Library

    History Department
    630 West Fifth Street
    Los Angeles, CA 90071
    tel 213-228-7000
    LAPL Local History Files
    Jewish Biographical Files
    Jews in Los Angeles Files

     

    The Society of Crypto Judaic Studies

    Western States Jewish History (periodical on Jews of the West begun in 1968)

     

    UCLA Young Research Library
    Special Collections
    E-mail This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
    Rochlin Collection of Western Jewish History, Collection #1689, 2550 files
    150,000 books in addition to its manuscripts collection.

    SYNAGOGUES IN CALIFORNIA:
    CALIFORNIA_NORTHERN [2000]
    CALIFORNIA_SOUTHERN [2000]

    Arkansas AR Burial Sites:  20


    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    http://www.angelfire.com/ky2/dixiejews/arkansas.html [August 2002]

    Museum of the Southern Jewish Experience
    PO Box 16528, Jackson, MS 39236-0528,
    (601) 362-6357
    email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    http://www.americanjewisharchives.org/97-2.htm - link no longer available "Decline in an Age of Expansion: Disappearing Jewish Communities in the Era of Mass Migration" by Lee Shai Weissbach mentions Arkansas. [January 2001]

    http://www.arkansaspreservation.org/pdf/publications/Minority_Settlement.pdf has brief history of Jewish residents of the Delta River counties. [August 2005]

     

    Arizona AZ Burial Sites:  18

    Greater Phoenix Jewish Genealogical Society contact

    Jewish Historical Society of Southern Arizona, Genealogy Group contact

    Arizona Jewish Historical Society
    Beryl Morton, Executive Director
    4710 N. 16th Street, #201
    Phoenix, AZ 85016
    Tel: 602-241-7870
    Fax: 602-264-9773
    This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
    Website: http://aspin.asu.edu/azjhs/
    Leona G. and David A. Bloom Southwest Jewish Archives
    See University of Arizona Library below

    Plotkin Museum of Judaica
    Pamela Levin, Director
    1046 N. 56th Street
    Scottsdale, AZ 85253
    tel: 602.951.0323, ext. 146
    fax: 602.951.7150
    Web Site: http://www.templebethisrael.com

    University of Arizona Library
    Special Collections
    1510 E. University
    P.O. Box 210055
    Tucson, Arizona 85721
    tel. 520-621-6423
    fax-520-621-9733

    The Bloom Southwest Jewish Archives Rochlin Collection of Arizona Jewish History.
    Leona G. and David A. Bloom Southwest Jewish Archives: Arizona Pioneers
    1052 North Highland Avenue
    Tucson, AZ 85721
    (520) 621-5774
    http://parentseyes.arizona.edu/bloom/ [August 2005]
    http://dizzy.library.arizona.edu/images/swja/arizona.htm
    http://128.196.228.12/images/swja/findingaids/sja006.htm

    SYNAGOGUES IN ARIZONA [May 2004]

    Alaska AK Burial Sites:  7

    Article on Alaskan Jewish History [February 2002] "Eighty-one percent of Alaskan Jews today live in the three largest cities, Anchorage, Fairbanks, and Juneau. The remaining 19% live in rural small cities (Sitka, Kenai, Homer, Nome, Ketchikan, Kotzubue, Soldotna, Haines, and Bethel) with populations of less than 10,000 and Jewish populations of 1 to 71. In at least 9 Alaskan cities, one or more formal Jewish communal organizations exist, serving a statewide Jewish population of some 3,500-4,000." [August 2005]

    How to Find Your Gold Rush Relative: Sources on the Klondike and Alaska gold rushes, 1896-1914. Compiled by R. Bruce Parham, May 1997 (Updated April 2001)
    National Archives and Records Administration-Pacific Alaska Region
    Anchorage, Alaska

    SYNAGOGUES IN ALASKA

    BIBLIOGRAPHY:
    • Alaskan Jews a Rare Breed: Brandeis Professor Charts Jewish in 'Last Frontier,' by Michael Gelbwasser, Jewish Advocate, December 14, 1995
    • Bloom, Jessie S. (1963), The Jews of Alaska (American Jewish Archives, Cincinnati, OH, Vol. XV, No. 2, November 1963. pp. 97-116.
    • Chihuly: The Jerusalem Wall of Ice, by William Warmus, Artfocus magazine, Winter/Spring 2000
    • From Fairbanks to Anchorage, Alaska Surprisingly Jewish, by Lewis E. Lachter, MetroWest Jewish News, August 17, 1995
    • Glanz, Rudolph (1953), The Jews in American Alaska, 1867-1880 (H.H. Glanz, New York).
    • Gruber, Ruth (2002), Inside of Time: My Journey From Alaska to Israel, (Carroll and Graf Publishers, New York).
    • Reisman, Bernard (1999), 'Alaskan Jews Discover the Last Frontier,' Sander L. Gilman &
    • Robert and Jessie Bloom Papers 1897-1980 Manuscript Collection No. 93 Inventory, Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives.
    • Milton Shain, eds., Jewries at the Frontier, (University of Illinois Press, Urbana & Chicago, 1999).

    Alabama AL Burial Sites:  29

    Deep South Jewish Voice

    Museum of the Southern Jewish Experience
    PO Box 16528, Jackson, MS 39236-0528
    (601) 362-6357

    SYNAGOGUES IN ALABAMA:  [March, 2006]
    Deep South Jewish Voice Synagogue List [October 2000]

    "Decline in an Age of Expansion: Disappearing Jewish Communities in the Era of Mass Migration" by Lee Shai Weissbach mentions Alabama. AJA. [January 2001]

    BRITISH ISLES Burial Sites:  0

     

    Geographically, the British Isles archipelogo consists ot two main islands - Great Britain (containing most of the territory of England, Scotland and Wales) and Ireland, as well as a large number of smaller island and island groups, all in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-west coast of Europe. Politically, the British Isles comprises the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (flag on left) and the Republic of Ireland (flag on right), together with the British Crown Dependences of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.

     

    The JCR-UK (Jewish Communities & Records - UK) database includes thousands of Jewish burials in the United Kingdom.

    UPDATE:  The Royal British Legion is working with the Commonwealth War Graves Commission to keep alive the memory of those who fell in the First World War, for future generations.

    www.everymanremembered.org [Aug 2014]

    [UPDATE] Article containing photos of cemeteries in various parts of the UK [November 2017]

    [UPDATE] UK: Historic England publishes Report on Anglo-Jewish cemeteries; follows on after earlier Report published in 2016 (Both are available online.) [January 2020]

     

     

    Northern Ireland Burial Sites:  1

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, having opted to remain in the United Kingdom when the rest of Ireland withdrew in 1922 to form the Irish Free State, later the Republic of Ireland. Ireland had been part of the United Kingdom since the Act of Union of 1801 between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland.

     

    BELFAST

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    The Jewish Community and Synagogues of Northern Ireland (past and present) on the JCR-UK website.

    [UPDATE] Despite dwindling numbers, Ireland's Jewish community celebrates a rich history [January 2017]

    Jewish Ireland Website: http://www.jewishireland.org: (which covers the whole of Ireland).

    For

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Great Britain website - http://www.jgsgb.org.uk

    Chief Rabbi of Ireland (including Northern Ireland)
    Address: Herzog House, Zion Road, Rathgar, Dublin 6
    Telephone: +353-1-4972351
    Fax: +353-1-2924680
    Rabbi Zalman S. Lent
    Tel: +353 1 406 4818
    E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
    Website: http://www.jewishireland.org
    [October 2006]

    Channel Islands Burial Sites:  3

     

    The Channel Islands are a group of islands in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy, France. They are not technically part of the United Kingdom but are British Crown Dependencies. They comprise two separate administrative units: the Bailiwick of Jersey (flag on left) and the Bailiwick of Guernsey (flag on right), the latter also including Alderney, Sark and a number of the smaller islands.

     

     

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    A Jewish community has existed on Jersey in the Channel Islands since before 1820. A synagogue was built in 1842 at 100 Halkett Place, St. Helier. Although the synagogue fell into disuse by the end of the 19th century, those Jewish families remaining on the island continued to hold religious services in private homes and lived openly as Jews, and a new Jewish congregation was established in the 1960's

     

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Great Britain - Website: http://www.jgsgb.org.uk

    For the Channel Islands Jewish Community on the Jewish Community & Records United Kingdom  (JCR-UK) website, see https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Chislands.htm

     

    REFERENCE BOOKS:
    See Section on Channel Islands for listing of Reference Books on Channel Islands' section of Bibliography on JCR-UK.

     

     

    THE CEMETERIES

    Two Jewish cemeteries, both dating from the nineteenth century, exist in St. Helier, Jersey.

    England - other than London Burial Sites:  90

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    England (flag in left) forms the major part of the United Kingdom. The Act of Union of 1707, between the Kingdom or England and the Kingdom of Scotland, established the United Kingdom of Great Britain.



    ENGLAND

    See separate listing for LONDON.

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Great Britain website - http://www.jgsgb.org.uk

    Jewish Historical Society of England
    33 Seymour Place
    London W1H 5AP
    ENGLAND
    phone: +44 20 7723 5852

    USEFUL ADDRESSES

    Board of Deputies of British Jews
    (Responsible for the upkeep of a number of disused Jewish cemeteries in England, all outside London)
    Community Issues Department, 6 Bloomsbury Square, London WC1A 2LP; England
    Telephone: : +44 20 7543 5400; Fax: +44 20 7543 0010; Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.; Website:  http://www.bod.org.uk

    For other useful addresses, see under the caption "Useful Addresses" in the section on LONDON

     

    ENGLAND - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    Jewish Communities & Records - UK (JCR-UK) - website: http://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk - contains information on all Jewish communities and congregations (past and present) throughout the United Kingdom.

    The All UK Database: https://www.jewishgen.org/databases/UK/

    Haruth Communications - Jewish UK website: http://haruth.com/jw/JewsUK.html

    England - London Burial Sites:  57

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Great Britain website - http://www.jgsgb.org.uk

    33 Seymour Place
    London W1H 5AP
    ENGLAND
    phone: 0171-723-5852

    london

    Jewish Communities & Records - UK (JCR-UK) website - https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk - records of all Jewish communities and congregations throughout the United Kingdom. 
    For the Congregations in London, see http://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/london.htm.

     

     

     

    LONDON SYNAGOGUAL ORGANIZATIONS, THEIR BURIAL SOCIETIES & CEMETERIES

    1. United Synagogue

      United Synagogue & London Beth Din: Adler House, 735 High Road, London N12 0US, England. 
      Telephone: +44 20 8343 8989, Fax: +44 20 8343 6262; Website: http://www.theus.org.uk/
      United Synagogue Burial Society maintains the cemeteries and arranges funerals for members of over 60 congregations, mostly in the vicinity of London. They are not staffed for general queries.
      Sextons Office and North West London Local Office, Ground Floor, Finchley Synagogue, Kinloss Gardens, Finchley London N3 3DU. (Preferred office for Bushey and Willesden Cemeteries)
      North East London Local Office: Ground Floor, Schaller House, 22 Beehive Lane, Ilford, Essex, IG1 3RT (Preferred office for Waltham Abbey, East and West Ham, and Plashet Cemeteries).
      The staff at the United Synagogue cemeteries at Bushey, Waltham Abbey and Willesden has access to a computer index to find grave locations for visitors. Name, the cemetery and the grave location within that cemetery index the graves. The record has the date of burial to distinguish between people with the same name. The system contains data for Bushey, Waltham Abbey, Willesden, Marlow Road & Plashet.
      The United Synagogue now offers on its website, the facility to obtain the exact location of graves in one of its cemeteries. All fields you need to provide are: the cemetery, first name, surname and year of death. The website is: http://www.theus.org.uk/gravesearch [Source: David Shulman webmaster JCR-UK December 2006]

      The following are United Synagogue cemeteries:

      1. Alderney Road Cemetery, Stepney, London E1 (formerly of Great Synagogues) (disused)

      2. Brady Street Cemetery, Whitechapel, London E1 (formerly of New and Great Synagogues) (disused):

      3. Bushey Cemetery, Little Bushey Lane, Bushey, Hertfordshire WD2 2TP (active)

      4. East Ham Cemetery, Marlow Road, High Street South, London E6 3QT (disused)

      5. Hackney Cemetery, Lauriston Road, London E9 (formerly of Hambro Synagogue) (disused)

      6. Hoxton Cemetery, Hoxton Street, London N1 (formerly of Hambro Synagogue) (no longer exists)

      7. Plashet Cemetery, 361 Manor Park High Street North, London E12 6PQ (closed)

      8. Waltham Abbey Cemetery, Upshire Hall, Skillet Hill (Honey Lane), Waltham Abbey, Essex EN9 3QT (active)

      9. West Ham Cemetery, Buckingham Road, Forest Lane, London E15 1SP (closed)

      10. Willesden Cemetery, Beaconsfield Road, London NW10 2JE (generally full, unless plot reserved)

      11. Sheffield - Ecclesfield Jewish Cemetery,  85 Colley Rd, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S5 9GU

    2. Federation of Synagogue
      Burial Society, 45 Watford Way NW4 3AQ, England. Telephone: +44 20 8202 3903; Fax +44 20 8203 0610; Email This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.; Website: http://www.federationofsynagogues.com
      The Federation of Synagogue operates a Burial Society for members of over 20 congregations, mostly in the vicinity of London.

      The following are Federation of Synagogue cemeteries:

      1. Edmonton Cemetery, Montagu Road, Angel Road, Lower Edmonton, London N18

      2. Rainham Cemetery, Upminster Road North, Rainham, Essex (active)

      3. Edgwarebury (Federation) Cemetery, Edgwarebury Lane, Edgware, Middlesex (new)

    3. Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations(Adath Yisroel)
      Burial Society at 40 Queen Elizabeth's Walk, London N16 0HH. Telephone: +44 20 8802 6262/3; Fax +44 20 8800 8764.
      The UOHC operates a burial society for approximately 6,000 members of over 50 orthodox and ultra-orthodox congregations, currently all now in London (apart from a yeshiva in Hitchin).

      The following are cemeteries of the Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations:
       

      1. Carterhatch Lane Cemetery, Enfield (active)

      2. Silver Street Cemetery, Goffs Oak, Cheshunt, Hertfordshire (active)

    4. Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation

      Honorary Archivist, 9 Lauderdale Road, LONDON, W9 1LT. Source: Charles Ellson This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
      Sephardi Burial Society: 2 Ashworth Road, Maida Vale, W9. Telephone:  0207-289 2573.

      The following are cemeteries of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation:

      1. Brentwood Cemetery, Dytchleys, Coxtie Green, Brentwood, Essex (disused)

      2. Edgwarebury Cemetery, Edgwarebury Lane, Edgware, Middx. (active)

      3. Hoop Lane Cemetery East, Hoop Lane, Golders Green, London NWII (active)

      4. Mile End - Nuevo (New) Beth Chaim Cemetery, 320 Mile End Road, London E.1(disused)

      5. Mile End - "Velho" (Old) Cemetery, behind 253 Mile End Rd, London E.1 (disused)

    5. Masorti Judaism (formerly the Assembly of Masorti Synagogues)

      1097 Finchley Road, London NW11 0PU, England. Telephone: +44 20 8201 8772; Fax +44 20 8201 8917; Email This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.; Website: http://www.masorti.org.uk

      Masorti Judaism does not have its own cemeteries, but most of its synagogues are member synagogues of the Jewish Joint Burial Society:(see below)

    6. Movement for Reform Judaism (formerly Reform Synagogues of Great Britain)

      The Sternberg Centre for Judaism, 80 East End Road, London N3 2SY, England. Telephone: +44 20 8349 5640; Fax +44 20 8349 5699; Email This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.; Website: http://www.reformjudaism.org.uk

      The following are, or were, cemeteries of member synagogues of the Movement for Reform Judaism:

      1. Edgwarebury Cemetery, Edgwarebury Lane, Edgware, Middx. (active - primarily West London Synagogue)

      2. Hoop Lane Cemetery West (& Crematorium), Hoop Lane, Golders Green, London NWII (active - West London Synagogue)

      3. Balls Pond Road Cemetery, Kingsbury Road, London N1 (formerly of West London Synagogue) (disused)

      4. New Southgate Cemetery, Brunswick Park Road, London N11. (formerly Hendon Reform Synagogue) (active)

      5. In additional, many Reform Judaism synagogues are member synagogues of the Jewish Joint Burial Society (see below)

    7. Liberal Judaism (formerly the Union of Liberal & Progressive Synagogues)

      21 Maple Street, London W1T 4BE, England. Telephone: +44 20 7580 1663; Fax +44 20 7631 9838; Email This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.; Website: http://www.liberaljudaism.org

      The following are cemeteries of the Liberal Judaism movement:

      1. Edgwarebury Cemetery, Edgwarebury Lane, Edgware, Middx. (active)

      2. Willesden (Liberal) Cemetery, Pound Lane, London NW10. (active)

      3. Streatham Park Cemetery (small section), Rowan Road, Greyhound Lane SW16 (active, for members of the South London Liberal Synagogue)

      4. In additional, several Liberal Judaism synagogues are member synagogues of the Jewish Joint Burial Society (see below)

    8. Jewish Joint Burial Society

      1 Victoria Road, Wanstead, London E11 1UL Telephone +44 20 8989 5252, Fax +44 20 8989 6075
      This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Website:https://www.jjbs.org.uk/

      This burial society provides services primarily to members of many of the synagogues within the Movement for Reform Judaism and Masorti Judaism, as well as several Liberal Judaism and independent synagogues.  The member synagogues are primarily (though not exclusively) in London.

      The following are cemeteries of the Jewish Joint Burial Society:

      1. Bulls Cross Ride Cemetery, Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, including both the Western Cemetery and the Woodland Cemetery (active)

      2. New Southgate Cemetery, Brunswick Park Road, London N11. (active)

      3. Certain arrangements regarding Edgwarebury Cemetery, Edgwarebury Lane, Edgware, Middx. (active)

      4. Arrangements for cremation at Hoop Lane Crematorium, Hoop Lane, Golders Green, London NWII

    9. Western Marble Arch Synagogue (formerly the Western Synagogue)

      Western Marble Arch Synagogue, 32 Great Cumberland Place, London W1H 

      The following are cemeteries of       Western Marble Arch Synagogue (active cemeteries are maintained by the Western Charitable Foundation, an affiliated organization):

      1. Bulls Cross Ride Cemetery, Cheshunt, Hertfordshire (active)

      2. Edmonton Western Synagogue Cemetery Montagu Road, Lower Edmonton, London N18 (active)

      3. Fulham Road Cemetery, Queen's Elm Parade, London SW3 (disused)

    10. West End Great Synagogue

      32 Cumberland Place London W1H 7TN Telephone +44 20 7724 8121 Fax +44 20 7723 4413 

      The following are cemeteries of the       West End Great Synagogue Burial Society (Chesed v'Emeth):
       

      1. Bulls Cross Ride Cemetery, Cheshunt, Hertfordshire (active)

      2. Streatham Jewish Cemetery, Rowan Road, Greyhound Lane SW16 (active)

       

    11. Maiden Lane Synagogue

      Synagogue closed 1907 - congregation re-joined the Western Synagogue (now Western Marble Arch Synagogue)

    1.   Bancroft Road Cemetery, London E.1. (disused)


    OTHER USEFUL ADDRESSES

    1. Anglo-Jewish Archives
    2. Committee for the Preservation of Jewish Cemeteries in Europe: 66 Fairholt Road, London, N16 5EH, ENGLAND Fax: 0044-181-806-5911. Attn: Mr. Marmorstein. They have branches in other strictly Orthodox communities in Manchester, Gateshead (UK), Antwerp, Zurich, Vienna and Strasbourg and are actively protecting Jewish cemeteries as religious sites throughout Europe.
    3. Jewish Community information: http://haruth.com/jw/JewsUK.html [October 2000]
    4. Jewish East End Celebration Society: c/o P.O. Box No. 57317 London E1 3WG
      The Society's purposes includes, among others, the focusing of attention on Jewish life and culture in the East End of London; disseminating information about the Jewish East End; re-establishing roots and interest in the Jewish East End; and preserving and documenting past Jewish life.
      website: http://www.jeecs.org.uk email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
      Society's magazine  - the Cable.
    5. London Jewish Museum: Two locations: Camden & Finchley. 
      Camden Town: Raymond Burton House, 129-131 Albert Street, London NW1 7NB. 
      Finchley: 80 East End Road, London N3 2SY. 
      Check website for details.       http://www.jewmusm.ort.org/
    6. Survey of the Jewish Built Heritage in the UK & Ireland: British Heritage Lottery Fund, which has stringent mechanisms for monitoring programs of research, information gathering, entry into the Database (according to the Council of Europe Core Data Standard), storage and retrieval, archiving and dissemination etc. Research in progress may not be published until completion. Source: Sharman Kadish, Project Director, Survey of the Jewish Built Heritage in the UK & Ireland.

    OTHER USEFUL WEBSITES:

    1. Jewish Community information: http://www.haruth.com/JewsUK.html [October 2000]
    2. London's East End: http://www.ibiblio.org/yiddish/Places/London [October 2000]

     

     

    Republic of Ireland Burial Sites:  4

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    The Republic of Ireland (previously the Irish Free State), an independent sovereign nation, was formed in 1922, consisting of 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland. Previously all of Ireland had been part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, as a result of the Act of Union of 1801 between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. Prior to the Act of Union, Great Britain (and previously, England) had effectively ruled over Ireland for several centuries.

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY Jewish Ireland Website: http://www.jewishireland.org: "There are approximately 700 Jewish families in Republic of Ireland, the majority of whom are based in Dublin. The community in Dublin still boasts two Orthodox and one Progressive Synagogue, a Mikveh, Jewish school, Talmud Torah, Museum and Kosher butcher. There are also a number of active Youth and Zionist organisations. The Irish Jewish community is lively, vibrant and optimistic for the future." [January 2001]

    [UPDATE]Despite dwindling numbers, Ireland's Jewish community celebrates a rich history [January 2017]

    The Jewish Community and Synagogues of the Republic of Ireland (past and present) on the JCR-UK website.

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Great Britain website - http://www.jgsgb.org.uk

    Chief Rabbi of Ireland
    Address: Herzog House, Zion Road, Rathgar, Dublin 6
    Telephone: +353-1-497235

    1
    Fax: +353-1-2924680
    Rabbi Zalman S. Lent
    Tel: +353 1 406 4818
    E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
    Website: http://www.jewishireland.org
    [October 2006]

    Military Graves: Information for Dublin may be obtained from the Honorary Secretary, Mrs. Beverley Davis, P.O. Box 255, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia. Please include 3 international reply coupons when requesting information.

    Isle of Man Burial Sites:  2

     

    The Isle of Man (flag on left) is located in the Irish Sea, approximately midway between England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The island is a self-governing British Crown Dependency and, accordingly, not legally or formally part of the United Kingdom.
     

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    There is a small Jewish community on the island, with a Hebrew Congregation in Douglas, the capital. In addition, a large number of Jews were among those interned on the Isle of Man during both World Wars.

     

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Great Britain - Website: http://www.jgsgb.org.uk

    For Jewish Community Information on Jewish Commmunity & Records United Kingdom (JCR-UK), see Isle of Man

     

    REFERENCE BOOKS: See Section on Isle of Man for listing of Reference Books on Isle of Man Jewish Communities & Cemeteries on JCR-UK.

    Scotland Burial Sites:  6

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    Scotland (flag on left)  is part of the United Kingdom, as a result of the Act of Union of 1707 between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain.



    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Great Britain website - http://www.jgsgb.org.uk

    Jewish Communities & Records - UK (JCR-UK) website - https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk - records of all Jewish communities and congregations throughout the United Kingdom. For Scottish communities, see Scotland

    http://haruth.com/jw/JewsUKScotland.html [May 2001]

     

    Scottish Jewish Archives Centre
    Garnethill Synagogue
    129 Hill Street
    Glasgow G3 6UB
    Scotland
    email:  This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
    website: www.sjac.org.uk
    Tel: +44 (0) 141 332 4911 (open by arrangement)
    In addition to the cities and towns listed below, there were also Jewish communities in the Scottish towns of Ayr, Dunfermline and Falkirk, but these towns did not have a Jewish cemetery.
    [UPDATE] When Scotland was Jewish [February 2017]

    Wales Burial Sites:  7

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    The Principality of Wales (flag on left) is part of the United Kingdom, having been conquered by King Edward I of England in 1282.



    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Jews began to settle in Wales in the early eighteenth century and a Jewish community is recorded in Swansea from around 1731. Increased Jewish immigration in the 19th century led to the founding of new Jewish communities in Cardiff and elsewhere in Wales. By 1900 there were small Jewish trading communities in most industrial towns in the South Wales Valleys. The Jewish population of that area, which reached a peak of 4000 - 5000 in 1913, has declined with only Cardiff retaining a sizeable Jewish population, of about 2000 in the 2001 Census.

     

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Great Britain website -: http://www.jgsgb.org.uk

    Jewish Communities & Records - UK (JCR-UK) website - https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk - records of all Jewish communities and congregations throughout the United Kingdom. For Welsh communities, see Wales.

    The All UK Database: https://www.jewishgen.org/databases/UK

     

    REFERENCE BOOKS


    See Section on Wales for listing of Reference Books on Welsh Jewish Communities & Cemeteries on JCR-UK

     

    [UPDATE]  The Rise and Fall of Welsh Jewry [August 2016]

     

    THE CEMETERIES

    Instructions & Information Burial Sites:  0

    International Jewish Cemetery Project





    A Non-Profit Volunteer Cooperative Initiative of IAJGS: International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies and JewishGen, Inc's JOWBR to Identify Jewish Burial Sites and Interments Throughout in the World

    Preparing for a Cemetery Visit Burial Sites:  0 

    Preparing for a Cemetery Visit, byThis email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
    
1) Get the death certificate if possible and other documents you might 
want to refer to so that you are prepared.

2) Check the databases such as JOWBR, FindAGave, etc. to make sure at 
least some of the information is not already online.  Check with the 
individual cemetery because some of them have posted databases for 
their internments.  Also check not only the individual name you need 
but family names because there may be others in the same cemetery/same 
plot.  Also when you are there take time to walk around the area 
because you might be surprised to find other relatives.  Also when you 
are at the plot see if the Society erected gates because they often 
have the names of the officers of the Society.  Also check both sides 
of the stone if it is a standing one because sometimes they put Hebrew 
on one side and English on the other.

3) If it is an older cemetery/grave the stone might be only in Hebrew.  
Translate the date of death into the Hebrew calendar as well as the 
Hebrew characters.  If the stone is not going to be in English it is 
very likely the date will not be in Arabic numerals either.  Also 
remember that they could be using a Hebrew name which is very different 
from the every day name you are expecting.  So the date may be critical.

3) Call the office and try to work with them in advance.  Tell them 
your are trying to find family graves and ask what help they can offer. 
  You might want to asking about making an appointment for the visit for 
the staff/groundskeeper will be available to help.  Also ask them if 
they can look in advance and see if they have the plot map for that 
area.  Most times the office will be cooperative with you.  They might 
also know if the burial society (if there was one) is still active and 
have a contact for the people who manage it.  Those people might have 
information or a map.

3) When you get to the office ask for the map and do things like count 
the rows, in the from the paths, etc. to try and get a location.  Ask 
if the office will photocopy the map or let you take a digital picture. 
  Try and takes notes of names at the end of rows, etc. so you can 
relate the map to the plot when you get there.  Some but not all
plots have distinct patterns of burial.  Some buried women and men in 
separate sections.  Some buried in date order and in that case they 
might work  from the back of the plot towards the front and from the 
right side to the left.  Some permitted family groupings within the 
society.  So spend some time getting a feel for the patterns.

Generally cemetery offices will not have a lot of information and are 
reluctant to share too much because of concerns over privacy.  They 
generally only keep basic information like the burial date and the next 
of kin/who is responsible for the grave.  They might know the name of 
the firm that did the stone or the funeral home.  Older cemeteries 
often kept burial books which were arranged by plot and then by date.  
They can be an alternate reference if you have a problem with finding 
the grave and if the cemetery will let you look at the book might be an 
easy way to look for family members in the same plot.  The books 
generally only have the name, the date and the location of the grave.

4) If the cemetery office can not help or provide someone to go out to 
the plot with you look around and see if the men who say prayers are at 
the cemetery.  In New York we can often find these men there to help 
the families say prayers.  For a small gratuity you might be able to 
enlist their help to go out the plot and help by reading the Hebrew 
stones.  Or in some cases there might be a Jewish center nearby or you 
might even be able to find a lister to meet you at the cemetery and 
help with the
Hebrew.

5) While you are there why not photograph the whole society plot and 
then you can donate the information to JOWBR as well.  Digital cameras 
and smart phone cameras make it easy.  If you are having problems 
reading the stones take close ups of the writing.  You may even need to 
do a montage to capture parts of it and then piece it together later.  
If it is overgrown sometimes you can even get a close up behind the 
bush or whatever to capture details and then piece back together the 
stone in your photos.  This technique also works nicely on faded stones 
that are difficult to read (see below).

6) Give yourself enough time.  The office may be busy.  The cemetery 
may be large.  It may take several efforts/visits to the office during 
the trip to find the grave so don't go just before closing time and you 
do not want to be watching you watch because you have another 
appointment.   Don't be afraid to go back to the office and say you can 
not find it.  Most of them will be cooperative to help you when you are 
there.

7) You may want to take some "supplies."  By that I mean a soft paint 
brush or such to brush away dirt or grime on the stones.  Maybe some 
garden gloves.  Maybe even a small hand trimmer because the stone might 
be grown over.  Also of course paper, pencil, pen, something to lean on 
to take notes.  Don't go in your best clothes because you might have to 
be climbing over or around overgrowth or whatever.  
    [Editorial suggestion: Wear long pants and sleeves]
    In oldest cemeteries you may have to deal with a stone that has sunken or is 
partially covered by soil.  (I am not going to take a stance on things 
like charcoal, paper, etc.  I have had a lot of luck taking high 
resolution digital images and then manipulating them on the computer to 
increase contrast, etc. to create a digital "rubbing" of the stone to 
pull out hard to read text.  If you are planning on photographing a lot 
plot someone long ago suggested taking golf tees and using them to mark 
the stones are you photograph them.  If the plot is not symmetrical it 
might be a big help to know what you have done.  I guess you need to 
collect them at the end and also take some time to review the pictures 
on your camera before you leave or even after every few shots.  Nothing 
worse than to get home and find the camera was not working, you had sun 
glare, the pictured blurred, etc.  The extra time on site can save a 
lot of heart ache later.

    How to Donate Burial Site/Cemetery Information Burial Sites:  3

    To donate information about a cemetery or burial site please click on one of the options below to get the form to fill out. Completing a survey will help you assist our goal of documenting every Jewish burial in the world. To donate photographs or other materials please fill out our donor form below.

    Burial Site Documentation Burial Sites:  0


         The International Jewish Cemetery Project documents international Jewish burial sites and interments. Initially launched in response to the increasing worldwide interest in Jewish ancestry and heritage, the project also now serves the broader community of cemetery management, funeral directors, Jewish heritage and monument organizations as well as individuals searching for the burial places of their ancestors and relatives. Cemeteries and mass graves, individual interments, sometimes in non-Jewish cemeteries, is the scope of this effort. If you know of a cemetery --anywhere in the world-- that remains to be included in the IAJGS International Jewish Cemetery Project, please use the instructions below to share your information and to grow this project.

    More Useful Jewish Customs and Burial Information Burial Sites:  2

    Information about
    - interpreting, reading, photographing, and preserving Jewish gravestones
    - funeral home and cemetery websites

    Catacombs are an ancient form of Jewish burial. Jews probably invented the custom. Read more here. [2014]

    Jewish Death and Mourning Customs Burial Sites:  0

    Death, to Judaism, means the separation of the body from the soul. The washing of the corpse (traditionally clothed in a plain shroud), the laying out, and the burial are undertaken by the burial society (Chevra Kadisha) or a Jewish funeral home. The relatives of the deceased are excused from all religious duties until the burial that usually occurs on the day after the death except on a Sabbath or any Jewish holiday. Cremation is permitted only in Reform Judaism. The cemetery in Hebrew is called the "House of Eternity" and the "House of Life", where the dead are to have eternal rest.
    On the first anniversary of the death (Yahrzeit), the gravestone is placed in the cemetery. At each anniversary of the death, a Yizkor candle is lit in memory of the deceased (and a fast is observed by traditional Jews.)

    Chevra Kavod Hamet

    Traditionally, Kaddish is said from the day of burial, daily for the first eleven months, and on the anniversary of the death. If there is no one to say Kaddish for the deceased, then the Chevra Kadisha will provide this important service.

    KADDISH TRANSLATION May the great Name of God be exalted and sanctified, throughout the world, which he has created according to his will. May his Kingship be established in your lifetime and in your days, and in the lifetime of the entire household of Israel, swiftly and in the near future; and say, Amen.
    May his great name be blessed, forever and ever.
    Blessed, praised, glorified, exalted, extolled, honored elevated and lauded be the Name of the holy one, Blessed is he- above and beyond any blessings and hymns, Praises and consolations which are uttered in the word; and say Amen. May there be abundant peace from Heaven, and life, upon is and upon all Israel; and say, Amen.
    May there be abundant peace from Heaven, and life, upon us and upon all Israel; and say Amen.
    He who makes peace in his high holy places, may he bring peace upon us, and upon all Israel; and say Amen.

    KADDISH TRANSLITERATION Yit-gadal v'yit-kadash sh'mey raba, b'alma di v'ra hirutey, vyam-lih mal-hutey b'ha-yey-hon uv'yomey-hon uv'ha-yey d'hol beyt yisrael ba-agala u-vizman kariv, v'imru amen.
    Y'hey sh'mey raba m'varah l'alam ul'almey alma-ya.
    Yit-barah v'yish-tabah v'yit-pa-ar v'yit-romam v'yit-na-sey v'yit-hadar v'yit-aleh v'yit-halal sh'mey d'kud-sha, b'rih hu, leyla* min kol bir-hata v'shi-rata tush-b'hata v'ne-hemata da-amiran b'alma, v imru amen.
    Y'hey sh'lama raba min sh'ma-ya, v'ha-yim aleynu v'al kol yisrael, vimru amen.
    Oseh shalom bim-romav, hu ya-aseh shalom aleynu v'al kol yisrael, v'imru amen. * On Shabbat Shuvah add: ul'eyla.

    The following is reprinted with the permission granted December 2000 by This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. for Temple of Aaron of St. Paul, Minnesota

    What Makes a Cemetery Jewish? Burial Sites:  0

    What Makes a Cemetery Jewish?

    . "The Jewish Way in Death and Mourning" by Maurice Lamm offers the following criteria for determining a proper burial place for Jews:
    1. The purchase contract should stipulate that the area of the plot is designed exclusively for Jews.
    2. Burial rights must be permanent. The cemetery corporation should not be permitted to exercise any authority with regard to the removal of the remains from any grave.
    3. All facilities for Jew and non-Jew must be absolutely separate -- with separate entrance gates, and with each section fenced completely.
    "The American Jewish Desk Reference" states: The cemetery comprises a specific set of Jewish tradition and customs connected to the burial of the dead. Known in Hebrew as "bet kevarot", place of the graves, and "bet olam", house of eternity, the land of the cemetery is usually considered holy and a special consecration ceremony reserved for Jews takes place on its inauguration. Establishing a cemetery is one of the first and highest priorities for a new Jewish community, and a Jewish cemetery is generally purchased and supported with communal funds.

    AFRICA Burial Sites:  0

    IAJGS gratefully acknowledges the major contribution of Dr. Saul Issroff in the creation of the Africa section of the IAJGS International Jewish Cemetery Project.

    Although many of the countries listed had no established Jewish community, there may have been a small number of Jewish residents and instances of Jewish burials. Please contact us if you have any information of this nature. 

    Jewish Communities of Africa. [May 2001]

     

    South Sudan (formerly part of Sudan) Burial Sites:  0

    South Sudan, in north cental Africa, was part of Sudan (and formed its three most southernly provinces) until it declared its independence on July 9, 2011. It is landlocked and is bordered by Sudan to the north, Ethiopia to the east, Kenya in the south-east, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo in the south and the Central African Republic in the east. 

    Saint Helena & Dependencies (U.K.) Burial Sites:  0

    This volcanic island and a British overseas territory in the South Atlantic Ocean consists of both the island of Saint Helena, and also the dependencies of Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha. First discovered as an uninhabited island by the Portuguese in 1502, Britain's second oldest remaining colony (after Bermuda) is one of the most isolated islands in the world and was for several centuries of vital strategic importance to ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa. For several centuries, the British used the island as a place of exile, most notably for Napoleon Bonaparte, Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo and over 5,000 Boer prisoners.

    Egypt Burial Sites:  12

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

     

    The Arab Republic of Egypt is the most populous Arab country, situated in the extreme northeast corner of the African continent. Its northern coast lies along the Mediterranean Sea and its eastern coast along the Red Sea. Egypt was a province of the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire from 1517 to 1914, although from time to time exercising a wide degree of autonomy, in particular from the early nineteenth century as a monarchy under the rule of the Khedive. From 1882 to 1914, the country, whilst still nominally Turkish, was effectively under British control. In 1914, it became a British protectorate with a native Sultan. Nominal independence, as the Kingdom of Egypt, was granted in 1922, full independence being achieved in 1936. Following a revolution in 1952, the Republic of Egypt was declared in 1953. In 1958, the country united with Syria to form the United Arab Republic, which continued to be Egypt's official name even after the secession of Syria in 1961. In 1971, the country was renamed the Arab Republic of Egypt.

     

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY
    The database of Jewish Communities - The Jewish Community of Egypt [revised March 2009]

    Historical Society of Jews from Egypt: This site is designed to gather, and provide historical and current information on the Jews from Egypt, a community that goes back to Biblical times. [revised March 2009]

    In 1947, the Jewish community in Egypt still numbered approximately 80,000. Following the UN resolution for the partition of Palestine (November 1947), Jewish property was confiscated and many Jews were arrested. About half of the Jewish population had emigrated by 1956, only some 40,000 people remaining. Following the 1956 Sinai campaign many more escaped from the country. By 1967, only about 2,500 Jews remained in Egypt, and many were arrested when the Six Day War broke out. Only about 100 Jews remain in Egypt today, in two communities, Cairo and Alexandria. The only functioning synagogue in Cairo is Shaar Hashamaim. [March 2009]

    Australian War Graves Commission - Egypt: The Australian Jewish Historical Society-Victoria Inc. has records of Jewish soldiers buried in Australian and overseas cemeteries maintained by the Australian War Graves Commission. Further information may be obtained from the Honorary Secretary, Mrs. Beverley Davis, P.O. Box 255, Camberwell, Victoria 3124 for Cairo (Basatin): Jewish Cemetery, Cairo; War Memorial Cemetery, Chatby; Jewish Cemeteries, Alexandria; and Alexandria, Kantara War Memorial Cemetery.

     

     

    Cabo Verde (Cape Verde) Burial Sites:  5

    The República de Cabo Verde (or Republic of Cape Verde) consists of ten islands in the Atlantic Ocean, about 300 miles off the coast of West Africa. They were uninhabited until settlement began by Portugal in 1462. The Islands remained a Portuguese colony until their status was changed to that of an Overseas Province of Portugal in 1951. Independence was achieved in 1975.

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    From the Inquisition until the late 19th century, this predominantly Catholic area received Jews fleeing from religious persecution or searching for greater economic opportunity.  Courtesy of This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. and his website. [June 2000] This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

    This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

    Cemetery restoration project update. Jewish cemetaries or graves are in Brava (at Cova da Judeu), Boa Vista, Sao Tiago (in Praia and Cidade Velha), Santo Antao (especially at Sinagoga), Sao Nicolau (at Mindelo), Fogo, and probably in other islands as well.

    CAPE VERDE JEWISH HERITAGE PROJECT, INC.

    The Cape Verde Jewish Heritage Project, Inc. (CVJHP) is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization that aims to honor the memory and explore the contributions of the many Sephardic Jewish families who immigrated to Cape Verde from Morocco and Gibraltar in the mid-19th century.

    The primary goals of CVJHP are to preserve Cape Verde's Jewish heritage by restoring and maintaining Jewish burial grounds, to educate future generations about the Jews of Cape Verde by documenting their legacy, and to encourage Jewish heritage tourism.

    CVJHP has the support of the Government of the Republic of Cape Verde and is working in close partnership with the Cape Verde-Israel Friendship Society (AMICAEL) to achieve these goals. AMICAEL is a non-profit organization based in Cape Verde whose members consist of descendants of the Jewish families. Carol Castiel is president of CVJHP.

    PROJECT OBJECTIVES

    •   Restoration, preservation and maintenance of Jewish burial grounds, which have fallen into disrepair in the islands of Santo Antao, Boa Vista and Sao Tiago.  Erection of honorary plaques.

    •   Continued oral and archival research on the Jewish families and their descendants.

    •   Publication of book about the Jews and their descendants based on above research.

    •   Symposium on the Jewish presence in Lusophone Africa.

    •   Promotion of Jewish heritage tourism to Cape Verde.

    •   Documentary film about the Jews of Cape Verde. (once above objectives are attained)

    HIGHLIGHTS OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS

    •   Creation of website 2008

    •   Letter endorsing Project from Cape Verdean Prime Minister.  2007

    •   Cape Verde Jewish Heritage Project, Inc. receives tax-exempt status from IRS. 2007

    •   Presentation on the Jews of Cape Verde by Carol Castiel, Jewish Genealogy Conference. 2003

    •   Two "Insider Embassy Nights" at the Cape Verde Embassy in Washington for the DC Jewish Community Center when The Project was highlighted. 1997, 2003

    •   Interviews with more than a dozen descendants of Jews of Cape Verde in Lisbon. 2002. (Documentation of memory continues and will culminate in a book by Carol Castiel based on  archives and oral histories of descendants.)

    •   Radio spot for the "Voice of America" on the Jews of Cape Verde.  2002

    •   Initial restoration of Penha da Franca Cemetery, Santo Antao. 1999

    •   Presentation of The Project's objectives by Carol Castiel at World Bank Symposium, "Historic Cities and Sacred Sites." 1999

    •   Meeting between Carlos Alberto Wahnon de Carvalho Veiga, then Prime Minister of Cape Verde, and Vice President of B'nai B'rith International, Daniel Mariaschin. 1998

    •   Formation of grass-roots group of Jewish Cape Verdeans in Lisbon, Portugal. 1997

    •   Visits of Carol Castiel to H.E. Andre Azoulay, Advisor to the King of Morocco, and the Jewish Community of Casablanca to establish Moroccan linkages for Project. 1996

    PROJECT IN PRINT

    •   "Recovering Jewish Heritage in the Cape Verde Islands," Carol Castiel, Historic Cities and Sacred Places, proceedings of World Bank Symposium. 2000

    •   The Presence of Jews in Cape Verde: Inventory of Historical Documents from 1840-1927, Claudia Correia, Cape Verdean historian. Doctoral dissertation. 1998

    •   The Jews of Cape Verde: A Brief History, M. Mitchell Serels, Sepher-Hermon Press, Inc. 1997

    •   Book review of The Jews of Cape Verde: A Brief History, Israel Benoliel, Cimboa, Cultural Magazine of Cape Verde, Boston. 1997

    •   "Cape Verde Hosts Jews," Carol Castiel, Washington Jewish Week, 1995

    •   Portuguese and French translations of the above article appeared respectively in the newspapers Novo Jornal of Cape Verde and Le Maroc Hebdo of Morocco. 1995

    BACKGROUND

    The Republic of Cape Verde, an archipelago of ten islands, lies in the Atlantic Ocean about 300 miles off the coast of Senegal, West Africa. As a result of over 500 years of Portuguese colonial rule, Cape Verdeans are predominantly Catholic. However, beginning with the period of the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisition through the late 19th century, Cape Verde received Jews fleeing religious persecution, or as in the case of the 19th century, seeking greater economic stability.

    The Cape Verde Jewish Heritage Project, Inc. is mainly concerned with the second wave of Jewish immigration.  Deteriorating economic conditions in Morocco in the mid-1800's prompted some Jews to immigrate to Cape Verde, which was then a Portuguese colony.  The Hebrew and Portuguese inscriptions on the tombstones in the small Jewish cemeteries throughout the islands, indicate that the majority came from the Moroccan cities of Tangier, Tetouan, Rabat, and Mogador (now Essaouira) bearing distinctive Sephardic names such as Benoliel, Benrós, Benathar, Benchimol, Brigham, Auday, Anahory, Cohen, Levy, Maman, Pinto, Seruya and Wahnon.  Many arrived in Cape Verde via Gibraltar.

    These families landed primarily on the islands of Santo Antao, Sao Vicente, Boa Vista and Sao Tiago and engaged in international commerce, shipping, administration and other trades. The Jews lived, worked, and prospered in Cape Verde.  However, because their numbers were few relative to the larger Catholic population, widespread intermarriage occurred.  As a result of this assimilation, Cape Verde today has virtually no practicing Jews. Yet, descendants of these families, whether in Cape Verde, the United States, Portugal or Canada, speak with pride of their Jewish ancestry. They wish to honor the memory of their forebears by preserving the cemeteries and by documenting their legacy. The first democratically elected prime minister of Cape Verde, Carlos Alberto Wahnon de Carvalho Veiga, is of Jewish descent.  Many descendanRediscovering and Restoring Cape Verde’s Jewish Heritage. [November 2018]ts of the Jewish families are actively engaged in collaborating on various aspects of CVJHP's mission, such as providing oral testimonies, technical support and financial assistance.

    For more information or to make a tax-deductible contribution, please contact: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., President, Cape Verde Jewish Heritage Project Inc. 400 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Suite 812, Washington, DC 20001. Tel: 202.841.9925. [September 2009]

    [UPDATE} Rediscovering and Restoring Cape Verde’s Jewish Heritage. [November 2018]

     

    Zimbabwe, formerly Southern Rhodesia Burial Sites:  5

    The Republic of Zimbabwe is a landlocked country is southern Africa. The territory was administered from 1890 by the British South African Company and was initially known as South Zambezia, becoming Rhodesia in 1895 and Southern Rhodesia in 1901. The territory was granted internal self government as the Colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923, although all power was in the hands of the white minority. From 1953 to 1963, Southern Rhodesian was one of the three constituent territories of the semi-independent white-ruled Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. The Federation was dissolved on December 31, 1963 and (following Northern Rhodesian independence as the Republic of Zambia) in 1964, the territory assumed the name Rhodesia, although this move was never approved by the UK government. In 1965, white-ruled Rhodesia issued a unilateral declaration of independence from the UK, although no other country granted it legal recognition. Although it initially maintained allegience to the British monarch, in 1979 it adopted a republican constitution as the Republic of Rhodesia. Following multi-racial elections, in 1979 the country was briefly known as the Republic of Zimbabwe Rhodesia.  However, following negotiations with the UK, in December 1979, the country reverted to colonial status as the British Dependency of Southern Rhodesia and in 1980 was granted full independence as the Republic of Zimbabwe.

    ZIMBABWE - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Information Courtesy of This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

    Zimbabwe Jewish Community [April 2006]

    links to the Lembas

    "Jewish settlement dates back to the turn of the century and, in some respects, parallels that of South Africa. Jews began to leave the country in large numbers during the civil strife that gripped Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) in the 1970s. Today more than two-thirds of the community's members are 65 or older." Source: Virtual Jerusalem. [October 2000]

    Daniel Montague Kisch arrived in the country in 1869, long before the British South Africa Company (Cecil John Rhodes) received its charter in 1889. Kisch become the main adviser to the tribal chief, King Lobengula. Many Jewish pioneers of eastern European origin emigrated from the 1880's onward, and were fundamental to the development of the country. Later some arrived from the South, some walking from the east coast Portuguese territory of Mozambique. In the 1930's a small group of German refugees settled mainly in Salisbury (now Harare) and Bulawayo. A community from the Greek island of Rhodes also came. Approximately 900 Jews now live in Zimbabwe, around 600 in Harare and 300 in Bulawayo. Each has its own synagogues and Jewish day schools. Courtesy of This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it [June 2000]:

    Reference: Kosmin, B.A., Majuta History of the Jewish Community of Zimbabwe. Mambo Press, Gwelo, 1980.

    Vital Records: Send a letter with the full name, date and place of birth, marriage or death and a bankers draft for 10 Zimbabwe Dollars to The Office of the Registrar, Births, Marriages and Deaths, PO Box 7734, Causeway, Harare.

    ================================
    Zimbabwe Jewish Board of Deputies
    PO Box 1954, Harare
    Tel 702506

    PO Box 1456
    Bulawayo
    Tel 67383

    Central African Jewish Board of Deputies

    P.O. Box 342 Harare (Telephone 723647)

    P.O. Box 1456 Bulawayo (Telephone 65188)


    Ref: Kosmin, B.A., Majuta. A History of the Jewish Community of Zimbabwe. Mambo Press, Gwelo, 1980.

    Vital Records: Send a letter with the full name, date and place of birth, marriage or death and a bankers draft for 10 Zimbabwe Dollars to:
    The Office of the Registrar, Births, Marriages and Deaths
    P.O. Box 7734, Causeway, Harare.
    		================================
    National Archives:
    Web: 
    E-This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.: 

    UK This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.


    ADDRESSES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS

    The Director, National Archives of Zimbabwe
    Borrowdale Road, Gunhill
    Private Bag 7729
    Causeway, Harare
    Telephone: 263-4-792741-3/795695/792744
    Fax: 263-4-792398


    The Archivist (Manicaland), Embassy Building
    Second Street
    P O Box 825 Mutare
    Telephone: 263-020-63815


    The Chief Archivist (Matabeleland)
    Bulawayo National Archives
    P O Box 2358
    Bulawayo Telephone: 263-09-230312


    The Archivist (Masvingo)
    Old Victoria Hotel
    P O Box 895
    Masvingo
    Telephone: 263-039-64178-9


    The Records Officer (Chinhoyi)
    Old Chinese Complex
    P O Box 1332
    Chinhoyi
    Telephone: 263-067-23251/25518


    The Archivist (Gweru)
    Old Prison Complex
    P. O. Box 825 Gweru
    Tel 263- 054-24694/ 25021

    There are charges for this service and postage fees have to be met by the person requiring information. All correspondence is addressed to The Director of the National Archives. Research not done on researchers' behalf as a matter of policy.

    Zambia, formerly Northern Rhodesia Burial Sites:  5

    The Republic of Zambia is a landlocked country is south-central Africa. The territory was initially administered, in two parts, by the British South African Company, the western part known as North-Western Rhodesia from 1891 and the eastern part known as North-Eastern Rhodesia from 1899. In 1911 the two parts were amalgamated to form Northern Rhodesia. In 1924, administration passed to the UK and the territory formally became a British protectorate. From 1953 to 1963, Northern Rhodesian was one of the three constituent territories of the semi-independent white-ruled Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. The Federation was dissolved on December 31, 1963 and Northern Rhodesia achieved independence as the Republic of Zambia in July 1964.

     

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    "Nearly all the Jews in Zambia live in Lusaka. The community is composed of a core of settlers with roots in the country going back to the turn of the century and of a number of Israelis and other foreigners presently working in Zambia. The early Jewish pioneers actively developed the cattle and ranching trade, as well as the country's first iron foundries. " Council for Zambian Jewry, PO Box 30089, Lusaka 10101, Tel. 260 1 229 556, Fax. 260 1 223 798. Source: Virtual Jerusalem. [October 2000]

    The Zambian Copperbelt was an important copper mining and trading area where many Litvaks originally emigrated to from 1880. Approximately 35 Jews live mainly in Lusaka. The Jews of Zambia Project aims at recording the History of the Jews of Zambia.

    Chairman: M.C. Galaun
    The Council for Zambia Jewry, Ltd.
    P.O.Box 30020
    Lusaka 10101
    Tel: 229190
    Fax: 221428

    A book on the subject is in the course of publication: 34 John Street, London WC1N 2EU. Source: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. [August 2009]

    History. [August 2009]

    Western Sahara, formerly Spanish Sahara Burial Sites:  1

    Western Sahara was a Spanish colony known as Spanish Sahara from 1884, and comprised two territories, Rio de Oro and Saguia el Hamra. The colony was claimed by Morocco from 1957 and by Mauritania from 1960. Spain withdrew in 1976 and area was partitioned between the two claimants, Morocco annexing the northern two-thirds and Mauritania taking the southern one-third. As a result of a guerilla war waged by the Polisario Front for the independence of the territory, Mauritania withdrew in 1979, whereupon Morocco annexed the remainder of the territory. Morocco's annexation failed to receive widespread international recognition and many countries recognise the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic declared by Polisario, although most of the country remains in Moroccan hands.

     

    Uganda Burial Sites:  6

    http://www.strive4impact.com/callingadvice_files/international-calling-cards-advice-uganda.html The Republic of Uganda is a landlocked country in East Africa. The UK placed the territory under a charter of the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1888, and much of it become a British protectorate in 1894. Several adjoining areas were subsequently added, the country reaching its current extent in 1914 when it became the Protectorate of Uganda. Independence was granted in 1962. In 1963, the country adopted a constitution similar to that of an elected monarchy. However, in 1967 it adopted a republican constitution and became the Republic of Uganda.

     

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    There is a very stable community of about 500 Abayudaya Jews in Uganda, the legacy of a local king who about 100 years ago decided to embrace Judaism instead of Christianity during the British colonialization efforts. Something to look into, these folks are more "forgotten" than the Jews of Ethiopia (though they really aren't as persecuted). Source: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., London, UK This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it [February 2004]

    History.

    Abayudaya

    Tufts Journal: Abayudaya

    History

    History of a Jewish settlement in Uganda around 1900 . [February 2007]

     

    Tunisia Burial Sites:  7

    The Tunisian Republic, or Tunisia, is an Arab state on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa, between Algeria and Libya. It was a self governing part of the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire, whose ruler was known as the Bey of Tunis until becoming a French Protectorate of Tunisia in 1881. France ruled the country from 1881 to 1956 with the Beys continuing in office,in a largely ceremonial role. During WWII, Tunisia was held by the pro-German French Vichy Government from 1940 until 1943, when it was captured by Allied forces, and returned to (Free) French rule.  Independence from France was granted in1956, initially as a constitutional monarchy under the Bey, In 1957, the country adopted a republican constitution and becamie the Tunisian Republic.

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    There is a long established Jewish Community in Tunisia, going back over 2,000 years. The Jewish population numbered about 105,000 in 1948 and had shrunk to about 20,000 at the time of independence in 1956. Most of the Jewish population of 2,000 resides in Tunis, but some in the small communities of Djerba, Sfax, Sousse and Nabeul.
    Community offices:
    15 rue du Cap Vert
    Tel: 282-469 & 287-153. [October 2000]
    Chief Rabbi: Rabbi Haim Madar
    26 rue de Palestine
    Tel: 282-406 & 283-540. [October 2000]

    Sefardic SIG. [May 2010]

    "THE HISTORY OF THE JEWS OF TUNISIA" by Alexander Rosenzweig

    History. [October 2000]

    Homepage of the Tunisian Jews in English [October 2000]

    Case study: The Tunisian Jewish minority in the face of oppression - The end of one of the oldest Jewish Minority in Tunisia, 1881-1967 by Edith Haddad Shaked [May 2006]

    http://www.ifrance.com/cohenhadria/histoire/originetunis.htm:in French [October 2000]

    http://www.virtualjerusalem.com/communities/wjcbook/tunisia/index.htm - link no longer available. "The largest communities are in Tunis and on the island of Djerba (Hara Keriba and Hara Sghira). There are also approximately 200 Jews living in the Sousse-Monastir region on the Gulf of Mammamet". [October 2000]

    MILITARY CEMETERY: Headstones with Stars of David on gravesites are maintained abroad by The American Battle Monuments Commission. Source: Commission sheet entitled "Headstones Emplaced at Grave Sites (World Wars I and II"; dated 9 May 1994): W.W.II-North Africa (nr. Carthage, Tunisia). 56 headstones. Source: Jonathan L. Eisenberg, Minnetonka, Minnesota; This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it or c/o This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it [1998]

     

    Togo Burial Sites:  0

    Togolese Republic) in West Africa bordering Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north extends south to the Gulf of Guinea on which the capital Lomé is located. The official language is French. The more than 6,100,000 people are dependent mainly on agriculture.  Togo is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation. Togo gained its independence from France in 1960.

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    No information has been donated.

    Tanzania, formerly Tanganyika & Zanzibar Burial Sites:  2

    Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar  (both formerly British). Tanganyika (with Burundi and Rwanda) was German East Africa prior to WW1.

    United Republic of Tanzania (Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania)   in central East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique to the south, and the Indian Ocean on the east. Since 1996, the official capital of Tanzania is Dodoma, but between independence and 1996 the major coastal city of Dar es Salaam had been the country's political capital and remains the principal commercial city  de-facto seat of most government institutions. It also is the major seaport for the country and its landlocked neighbors. [August 2009]

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Wherever There Is Coca-Cola, There Are Jews. [August 2009]

     

    Eswatini, formerly Swaziland Burial Sites:  1

    The Kingdom of Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) is a small landlocked country in southern Africa, bordered by South Africa and Mozambique. Effective British rule began in 1902, when it was administered as part of the Colony of Transvaal. It was separated from Transvaal in 1906, becoming a British protectorate until independence in 1968. In 2018, it officially changed its name from Swaziland to Eswatini.

     

    ESWATINI - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    Website: [2000]

    History. [September 2002]

    A small Eswatini Jewish Community exists, mainly in Mbabane. Jews are buried with others in non-Jewish sites. Source: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Spiritual Leader to The African Jewish Congress, c/o S A Jewish Board of Deputies, PO BOX 87557, Houghton 2041 South Africa; Fax: + 27 11 646 4940 Tel: +27 11 486 1434This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it . Source: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it [June 2000]

    History. [August 2009]

    Sudan, formerly Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Burial Sites:  1

    Republic of the Sudan) (Arabic: السودان ‎As Sūdān) in NE Africa was the largest country in Africa until South Sudan broke away in July 2011 and is now the third largest African country. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the South, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. The world's longest river, the Nile, bisects the country from south to north. The people of Sudan have history intertwined with Egypt. Sudan's modern history has been plagued by civil wars (ongoing humanitarian crisis in Darfur) stemming from ethnic, religious, and economic conflict between the Muslim Northern Sudanese (with Arab and Nubian roots), and the Christian and animist Nilotes in the south (including the now independent South Sudan).

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    BOOK: Malka, Eli S. Jacob's Children in the Land of the Mahdi: Jews of the Sudan. Malka, born in the Sudan in 1910, is the son of Sudan's chief rabbi from 1906 to 1949. Malka details Sudan's Sephardic Jewish history from its beginning in 1885 (eight families) to the late 1960s when the Jews left Sudan. Malka writes about the building of Khartoum's lavish synagogue and the community's growtth that peaked in the 1940s. Jews of Ethiopia, Aden, Yemen, and Eritrea are mentioned briefly. 50 illustrations. ISBN-10: 0815681224 and ISBN-13: 978-0815681229 [August 2009]

    Somalia, formerly Italian and British Somaliland Burial Sites:  0

    Republic of Somalia (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, Arabic: جمهورية الصومال‎ Jumhūriyyat aṣ-Ṣūmāl) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic in the Horn of Africa bordered by Djibouti to the NW, Kenya to the SW, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the N, the Indian Ocean to the E, and Ethiopia to the W. An important ancient commerical center as the main suppliers of frankincense, myrrh and other spices, Somalia never was formally colonized.

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Somalia's 'Hebrews' See a Better Day by Ian Fisher, Djibouti Journal. [August 2009]

    Spanish North Africa (Ceuta & Melilla) Burial Sites:  2

    Five small areas in special relationship with the Spanish government, on and off the Mediterranean coast of Morocco are Alhucemas, Ceuta, the Chafarinas Islands, Melilla, and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, with a combined area of about 12 square miles. Ceuta is administered as part of Cádiz province, the rest as part of Málaga province.

    BOOK.

    Alhucemas, also called Al-Hoceïma or Al-Khuzama. This Spanish exclave on the Mediterranean coast of Morocco has a semi-circular inlet bay of 5 miles by 9 miles, three islets, and a small port. Protected by Cap Nuevo, the bay is  an extension of the Nekor River alluvial plain. The uninhabited islets  were administered by Spain since 1673; but Peñón de Alhucemas was garrisoned until 1961. The Moroccan port of Al-Hoceïma, founded by Spaniards in 1926 as Villa Sanjurjo, on the mainland opposite, is mainly a fishing port with beaches attracting tourists.

    Ceuto: This Spanish exclave, military post, city, and free port on the coast of Morocco at the Mediterranean entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar is physically contiguous with Morocco, but administered autonomously by Spain. The city is on a narrow isthmus that connects Mount Hacho (Spain) to the mainland.

    Chafarinas Islands (aka Zafarin or Djaferin): These three rocky islets of the Spanish exclave of Melilla off NE Morocco, 7 miles NW of the mouth of the Oued Moulouya are probably the tres insulae ("three islands") of the 3rd-century Roman roadbook Itinerarium Antonini and have been occupied by Spain since 1847. Waterless and uncultivated, they form the best anchorage along the Moroccan Mediterranean coast. Isabella II contains a lighthouse and garrison. Congreso and Rey are uninhabited.

    Melilla: Spanish enclave, military base, and free port on the N coast of Morocco and on the E side of the Cabo Tres Forcas (French: Cap des Trois Fourches), a rocky peninsula that extends approximately 25 miles into the Mediterranean Sea.

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    The 2008Jewish population is 0.97%.

    [August 2009]

    South Africa Burial Sites:  54

    The Republic of South Africa, located at the southern tip of the African continent, has coasts on both the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The first Europeans to settle in the territory were the Dutch at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652. The British took the territory from the Dutch from 1795 until 1803 and then annexed it in 1806 as Cape Colony. In the 1830's many of the Dutch settlers (known as the Boers) moved inland and later established their own republics, including the South African Republic (later known as Transvaal) in 1852 and Orange Free State in 1848. Meanwhile British colonization continued along the coast and in 1843, the British Colony of Natal was established. In the Second Boer War (1899-1901), both Transvaal and Orange Free State were annexed by the UK. In 1910, the UK consolidated all four territories (Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal and Orange Free State) into the Union of South Africa, which was granted dominion status. In 1931, the Union (with power exclusively in the hands of the white minority) was granted effective full independence, with the British monarch as head of state, in common with all other British dominions. In 1961, the country, still white-ruled, adopted a republican constitution as the Republic of South Africa and left the British Commonwealth. In 1994, the country held its first multi-racial elections under a new constitution. From 1915 to 1990, South Africa administered South West Africa (now Namibia), initially under a League of Nations mandate.

    SOUTH AFRICA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    Jewish Genealogy Society of Johannesburg

    Jewish South Africa [August 2009]

    Virtual Jewish History Tour of South Africa [August 2009]

    South African Jewish Database [August 2015]

    Jews in South Africa began with the general European settlement in the 19th century.  Jews were among the directors of the Dutch East India Company that administered the colony at Cape of Good Hope for 150 years. Jewish cartographers in Portugal seiled with Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama in 1488 and 1497. Portugal's baptised Jews were still free until the Portuguese Inquisition in 1536. In 1652, the Dutch (and their religious tolerance) began the first permanent European settlement of South Africa under Jan van Riebeeck as a representative of the Dutch East India Company. Few Jews arrived at Cape Town before the 1820s. The first congregation in South Africa, the Gardens Shul, was founded in Cape Town in November 1841. History. see History. Litvak-South Africans. [August 2009]

    Jewish Family History Society of Cape Town: Paul Cheifitz, President
    P. O. Box 51985, Waterfront, 8002, SOUTH AFRICA
    Telephone: 21-4344825, 21-4230223
    This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
    This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it Newsletter: Journal of the Jewish Family History Society of Cape Town
    Courtesy of This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it [June 2000]:

    Jews settled in many South African and smaller African countries between 1880 and 1930. Some of these communities have dwindled in numbers or even vanished. Information for most of these places is sparse. An African Jewish Congress has been established. The spiritual leader travels extensively to visit remaining Jews and to photograph cemeteries (over 14,000 tombstones recorded to date), old synagogues and look after areas of Jewish importance. Most of the data for South African cities, unless otherwise indicated, was compiled by the Spiritual Leader to the South African Jewish Communities. The abbreviations used are as follows:

    • CP=Pictures taken of every grave in these cemeteries.
    • Inter=Jewish burials mixed in among non-Jews.
    • He also noted that major cities and some adjacent towns are not included in this list.
    • For details of these cemeteries contact the Chevra Kadisha (burial society) in the relevant city. Data as of 12/17/1996.

    list of functioning and defunct synagogues on the Southern Africa Jewish Genealogy website. Source: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it [March 2001]

    Mormon Family History Library Materials for South Africa: Note: Consult the FHL catalog to find the precise film numbers for a particular year and location. The date of death needs to be known fairly accurately in order to be able to find a particular certificate. Searching before and after the date of death needs to be performed in the records, since some certificates have been filmed out of order.

    • National coverage: 1955 - 1965 - Film numbers in range: 1925527 through 192612- (not all film numbers are used)
    • Cape Province: 1895 - 1928 (not all film numbers are used)
    • Film numbers in range:
    • 1768645 through 1768970
    • 1887008 through 1887235
    • 1925589 through 1926175
    • Transvaal: 1888 - 1954 (not all film numbers are used)
    • Film numbers in range:
    • 1887020 through 1887233
    • 1925519 through 1925810
    • 1768631 through 1768968
    • Burial, Marriage, and Death Information for Cape Town Interment registers for several Cape Town cemeteries:
    • 1886-1981 Indexes are included.
    • Film numbers: 1258779, 1259122 through 1259150
    • Marriage and Death Certificates Cape Town Jewish Cong.1851 - 1989:
    • Film numbers: 1560759 through 1560764, 1560773 through 1560775
    • Jewish Helping Hand and Burial Society (Chevra Kadisha), Johannesburg.
    • Film number: 1259151

     

     

    Sierra Leone Burial Sites:  0

    Republic of Sierra Leone is a country in West Africa with a tropical climate from savannah to rainforests bordered by Guinea in the north, Liberia in the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean in the southwest. The population is estimated at 6,440,053. Freetown is the capital and largest city. Bo, Kenema, Koidu Town and Makeni are other towns. Sierra Leone was a land of diamonds (the third largest diamond producing area of the world iron, bauxite, and other minerals), but the people were desperately poor.

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY
    No information has been donated.

    Seychelles Burial Sites:  0

    Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: Repiblik Sesel) is an archipelago of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, about 930 miles  E of mainland Africa and NE of the island of Madagascar. Other nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west, Mauritius and Réunion to the south, Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest, and the Suvadives of the Maldives to the northeast. Seychelles has a very small population.

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY
    No information has been donated.

    Senegal Burial Sites:  0

    Republic of Senegal is south of the Sénégal River in western Africa and is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south. The estimated population in 2008 is nearly 11,700,000. Gambia lies almost entirely within Senegal, surrounded by it on the north, east and south. From its western coast, Gambia's territory follows the Gambia River more than 300 kilometres (186 miles) inland. Dakar is the capital city of Senegal, located on the Cape Verde Peninsula on the country's Atlantic coast.

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Jews of the Bilad al-Sudan (אַהַל יַהוּדּ בִּלַדּ אַל סוּדָּן, Judeo-Arabic) were West African Jewish communities connected to Jewish communities from the Middle East, North Africa, or Spain and Portugal. Jews from Spain, Portugal, and Morocco formed communities off the coast of Senegal and on the Islands of Cape Verde. After the rise of Islam in North and West Africa these communities ceased to exist and have since disappeared due to migration and assimilation.

    São Tomé and Príncipe Burial Sites:  0

    Officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, São Tomé and Príncipe is a Portuguese-speaking island nation in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial coast of Africa consisting of two islands about 87 mi apart and about 155 and 140 mi, respectively, off the NW coast of Gabon. The islands of São Tomé and Príncipe were uninhabited before the arrival around 1470 of Portuguese João de Santarém and Pedro Escobar. Portuguese navigators used the islands as bases for trade with the mainland.

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    In 1496 Portugal expelled its Jews three years after the Spanish Inquisition after the Spanish who had expelled Jews for not converting to Catholicism. Many of them had fled to Portugal. King Manuel of Portugal placed a huge head tax on Jews to finance his colonies. To colonize the small islands of Sao Tome and Principe and to punish the Jews who would not pay the head tax, King Manuel deported almost 2,000 of two to ten year-old Jewish children to the islands. Only 600 were alive a year later. Some of the surviving Jewish children retained some semblance of their parents' religion. In the early 1600s, the local bishop noted Jewish observances on the island. Observance declined by the 18th century. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Jewish traders arriving on the islands began a new, but small community. Today, no known practicing Jews remain. [August 2009]

    Rwanda, formerly Ruanda, part of Ruanda-Urundi Burial Sites:  0

    formerly Ruanda (then part of Ruanda-Urundi)

    This small landlocked country in the Great Lakes region of east-central Africa, bordered by Uganda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania has about 10.1 million people.

    No information about a Jewish community has been donated.

    Reunion (French) Burial Sites:  0

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    Formally La Réunion and previously Île Bourbon, this island located in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar, about 120 mi SW of Mauritius, the nearest island administratively is one of the overseas départements of France. Réunion is also one of the twenty-six regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic with the same status as those situated on the European mainland.

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Communaute Juive de la Reunion
    8 Rue de l'Est, St. Denis 97400
    Tel. 262-237-833

    Virtually all Jews on La Reunion live in St. Denis and are Sephardim. A synagogue, Communaute Juive de la Reunion (community center), and a kosher hotel (Hotel Astoria.) are available. Approximately 50 Jews live on La Reunion. [August 2009]

    Nigeria Burial Sites:  0

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

     

    Federal Republic of Nigeria comprised of thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast lies on the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The capital city is Abuja.

    Niger Burial Sites:  0

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    This landlocked country in Western Africa named after the Niger River borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. The population is just under 13,300,000. The capital city is Niamey.

    Namibia, formerly South West Africa Burial Sites:  4

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

     

    The Republic of Namibia is a large mostly-arid country in southwest Africa stretched along the Atlantic Ocean coast. Most of the country was a German colony, known as German South West Africa, from 1884. During World War I, it was occupied by South African from 1915. Following that war, it became a League of Nations mandate of South Africa, under the name South West Africa.  After the Leaque of Nations' demise, South Africa continued to administer the territory although it refused to surrender the mandate to be replaced by a United Nations Trusteeship. In 1966, the United Nations revoked South Africa's mandate. However, South Africa continued to administer the territory until 1990, when it achieved independence  as the Republic of Namibia.  (Walvis Bay was a British enclave in South West Africa from 1878, administered as part of its Cape Colony. When Cape Colony became part of the Union of South Africa in 1910, so did Walvis Bay. Walvis Bay was administered as part of South West Africa from the time South Africa received the mandate until 1977, when it was detached. However, in 1994, South Africa ceded Walvis Bar to Namibia.)

     

    NAMIBIA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    With around 36 Jews in 1999, South West Africa had about fifty Jewish families at its peak. They were very important in commercial development of the country. Sources for Namibia: Spiritual Leader of the African Jewish Congress and the Jewish Board of Deputies. Source: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    In addition, some Jewish burials are on private farms. Source: SWA Scientific Society, Box 76, Windhoek, Namibia.

    Mozambique, formerly Portuguese East Africa Burial Sites:  3

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

     

    The Republic of Mozambique is a large country on the Indian Ocean coast of southeast Africa. It was a Portuguese colony from the seventeenth century (and was sometimes known as Portuguese East Africa) and became an Overseas Province of Portugal in 1951. It gained independence in 1975.

     

    MOZAMBIQUE - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Jewish Community: ONUMOZ,  Box 1915, Maputo. Tel. 1 42 32 17, Fax. 1 42 33 82.

    Jewish Community of Mozambique: c/o Natalie Tenzer-Silva, P.O. Box 232, Maputo, [Office] +2581-497483 or +2581-494060/2, [Fax] +2581-494029 [Mobile] +258 82 326647 [Home] +2581-450542 . [October 2000]

    The Jews of Mozambique:  [January 2004]

    Jewish settlement initiated around 1900 by South African Jewish refugees exiled by President Kruger's government for their pro-British activities. In 1926, a synagogue was consecrated in Lourenco Marques. The Jewish community, together with most of the ethnic Portuguese population, fled in fear of persecution when the country attained independence in 1975. Although the government has softened its initial stance toward the West and returned the Maputo (formerly Lourenço Marques) synagogue to the Jewish community, little Jewish community remains to reclaim it. Most live in Maputo.

    According to the 22 June 2000 Jewish Tribune newspaper (UK) , page 9, "About 19 Jews currently live in Mozambique." [August 2009]

    Morocco Burial Sites:  42

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

     

    The Kingdom of Morocco is an Arab nation in Northwest Africa, with coasts on both the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Most of Morocco, as the Sultanate of Morocco, maintained its independence from European colonial rule until 1912, when the greater part became became the French Protectorate of Morocco, the northern section (and an area to the south) became Spanish Morocco and Tangiers became an international city. Morocco regained its independence in 1956 as the Kingdom of Morocco, although the Spanish continue to own two small enclaves (Ceuta and Melilla) on the Mediterranean coast, which had been held by Spain since the fifteenth century. Between 1976 and 1979, Morocco annexed the former Spanish possession of Western Sahara, although such annexation has not been recognised by much of the international community.

     

    MOROCCO - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY


    JEWISH COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS:
    Agadir:
    Conseil des Communautes Israelites du Agadir ,
    La Paternal Building, Avenue Hassan II.
    Casablanca:
    Conseil des Communautes Israelites du Marcoc ,
    1 rue Abou Abdallah Al Mahassibi, Tel. (02) 22-28-61, 27-06-20, or 27-09-76.
    El Jadida:
    Conseil des Communautes Israelites du El Jadida ,
    32 Boulevard Moulay Abdelhafid (03) 34-27-76.
    Essaouira:
    Conseil des Communautes Israelites du Essaouira,
    29 rue des Syaghines. Tel. (04) 47-22-70.
    Fez:
    Conseil des Communautes Israelites du Fez ,
    24 rue Zerktouni. Tel. (06) 62-05-93.
    Marrakech:

    Communauté Israёlite de Marrakech,
    142 Av. Houmane El Fetouaki Imm., Ohayon Arset El Maâch Marrakech Médina
    Tel. and Fax: + 212 44 38 98 53
    Président: Mr. Jacky Kadoch, 16 Rue Renie Semlalia Marrakech, Tel. +212 61 13 99 35   Fax. +212 44 43 17 93

    Meknes:
    Conseil des Communautes Israelites du Meknes,
    5 rue du Ghana. Tel. (05) 52-19-68 or 52-17-35.
    Rabat:
    Conseil des Communautes Israelites du Rabat ,
    52 Bne-Snassen, Souissi, Rabat, Tel. 212 7 734 747, Fax. 212 7 722 155 or 9 rue Moulay Ismail. Tel. (07) 76-45-04 or 72-45-04.
    Tetouan:
    Conseil des Communautes Israelites du Tetouan ,
    16 rue Moulay Labas. (09) 96-50-03 or 96-57-22.
    Tangier:
    Conseil des Communautes Israelites du Tangier ,
    1 rue de la Liberte. Tel. (09) 93-38-66, 93-60-24, or 93-75-09.

    Jewish community information:
    History. [October 2000]
    Information with excellent map. [February 2002]
    Jewish Morocco [2000, updated 2007]
    History of Jewish Community. [August 2009]

    [UPDATE] Morocco's Jewish Cemetery Project lauded at Paris event [February 2015]

    The Jewish community hired Muslim families to live in the cemeteries as caretakers. At many, there is an organized annual Hilula (a kind of Yahrzeit for a great Rabbi), which among other things promotes upkeep of the sites. The local Jewish community or via the Joint Distribution Committee (which had been very active there) can supplement information. As for specific information, in 1991, I paid my respects at cemeteries in the old city of Casablanca (the "Mellah"), El Jadida, Sefrou, Rabat/Sale. Source: "This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it." who This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it visited in 1991.

    Moroccan Jews constitute an ancient community. Before the founding of Israel in 1948, there were about 250,000 Jews in the country, but fewer than 7,000 or so remain in 2009.

    "The Jews of Morocco represent a remnant of an ancient, thriving community that numbered more than a quarter of a million in 1956. Today [late 1990s] the largest community is in Casablanca, home to 5,000 Jews. There are small Jewish communities in Rabat (400), Marrakesh (250), Meknes (250), Tangier (150), Fez (150), and Tetuan (100). ... In addition to the Jewish communities, the major sites of pilgrimage for the Jewish traveler are the tombs of the holy sages, scattered around the country. The most popular are Rabbi Yehouda Benatar (Fez), Rabbi Chaim Pinto (Mogador), Rabbi Amram Ben Diwane (Ouezzan), and Rabbi Yahia Lakhdar (Beni-Ahmed)." source: Virtual Jerusalem [October 2000]

     


    Mauritius Burial Sites:  1

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

     

    The Republic of Mauritius is an island nation far off the Southeast African coast in the Indian Ocean, located 500 miles east of Madagascar. Mauritius was a Dutch possession from 1638, then French from 1715 (who subsequent named it Île de France), and then British from 1810, who reverted to the name Mauritius. It was granted independence from the UK in 1968, initially retaining the British monarch as head of state, and in 1992 it adopted a republican constitution and became the Republic of Mauritius.

     

    MAURITIUS - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    A small Jewish expatriate community exists on the island, as does a Jewish Cemetery in the village of Bambous with graves of around 135 refugees denied entry into Palestine and interned by the British on the Island during 1940-1945. Courtesy of This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. [June 2000]

    Mauritania Burial Sites:  0

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    Republic of Mauritius, République de Maurice, is an island nation off the coast of the African continent in the SW Indian Ocean, about 560 mi E of Madagascar. In addition to the island of Mauritius, the Republic includes the islands of St. Brandon, Rodrigues and the Agalega Islands. Mauritius is part of the Mascarene Islands, with the French island of Réunion 200 km (120 mi) to the SW and the island of Rodrigues 570 km (350 mi) to the NE. [August 2009]

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    The Jewish Community. [August 2009]

    Mali, formerly French Soudan Burial Sites:  2

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

     

    The Republic of Mali is a large landlocked country in West Africa and includes a substantial segment of the Sahara Desert. The territory came under French rule in the late nineteenth century and was known by a number of names during the colonial period and there were frequent boundary changes. From 1880, it was known as Upper Senegal, from 1890 French Soudan Territory, from 1902 Senegambia and Niger, from 1904 Upper Senegal and Niger and from 1920 until 1958, French Soudan (French Sudan). It was also part of a wider federation of French colonies known as French West Africa. In April 1959, French Soudan assumed the name République Soudanaise (Soudanese Republic) and joined with its neighbor, Senegal, to form the Mali Federation. The Federation gained independence from France in June 1960. In August 1960, Senegal withdrew from the Federation and the Soudanaise Republic became the Republic of Mali in September 1960.

     

    MALI - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    Jews in Mali and History. [May 2001]

    This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., from US Agency for International Development in Bamako, has a list-serve of Kulanu with his messages This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it . His emails are This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it , This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it , and http://rickgold.home.mindspring.com.

     

     

    Malawi, formerly Nyasaland Burial Sites:  0

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    The landlocked country in SE Africa, formerly known as Nyasaland, borders Zambia to the NW, Tanzania to the NE, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. The estimated population of more than 13,900,000. Its capital is Lilongwe.

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY
    No information has been donated.

    Mayotte (French), formerly part of the Comoros Burial Sites:  0

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

     

    Departmental Collectivity of Mayotte (French: Collectivité départementale de Mayotte) is an overseas collectivity of France consisting of a main island (Grande-Terre or Mahoré), a smaller island (Petite-Terre or Pamanzi), and several islets around these two. Mayotte is densely populated. IIn the northern Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean and between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique, the territory is geographically part of the Comoro Islands, but politically separate since the 1970s. The territory is known also as Mahoré, the native name of its main island, especially by advocates of its inclusion in the Union of Comoros.

    No information has been donated about a Jewish community or burials.

    Madagascar, formerly Malagasy Republic Burial Sites:  0

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    This island nation is in the Indian Ocean off the SE coast of Africa. The main island, called Madagascar, is the fourth-largest island in the world and is home to 5% of the world's plant and animal species,of which more than 80% are endemic to Madagascar. Two thirds of the population live below the international poverty line.

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY
    Madagascar never was home to a significant number of Jews. After the island became a French colony, a small number of Jewish families settled in Tananarive, but did not establish a Jewish community. [August 2009]

    The Madagascar Plan was a suggested policy of the Nazi government to relocate the Jewish population of Europe to the island of Madagascar based on Paul de Lagarde, an anti-semitic orientalist scholar, who first suggested the idea in 1885 and advocated in the 1920s by Henry Hamilton Beamish, Arnold Leese and others. [August 2009]

    Libya Burial Sites:  14

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

     

    Libya, officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, is an Arab republic in the center of the Mediterranean coast of North Africa and stretches far inland to include a large segments of the Sahara Desert. The country comprises three territories, Tripolitania in the northwest, Cyrenaica in the east and Fezzan in the southwest. The country was under Turkish rule from the 16th century until Italy invaded in 1911. From 1912, the country was known as Italian North Africa, but in 1927, Italy reorganized the territory into two colonies, Italian Cyrenaica in the east and Italian Tripolitania in the west. In 1934, Italy united the territories into a single colony under the name Italian Libya (which expanded its territory following boundary agreements with Egypt and Sudan). During Word War II, Italy lost the colony in 1943, and the UK assumed administration of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, while France controlled Fezzan. In 1951, all three territories became independent as the United Kindom of Libya. In 1969, a coup overthrew the monarchy and the Libyan Arab Republic was declared, which in 1977 adopted its present name.

     

    LIBYA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Jews lived in Libya for over two thousand, since the 3rd century BCE. During World War II, Libya's Jewish population was subjected to anti-Jewish laws by the Fascist Italian regime and deportations by the Nazis. After the war, anti-Jewish violence caused many Jews to leave the country, and following he revolution of 1969, almost all the remaining Jews left. The last Jew of Libya, Rina Debach, left the country in 2003. History.  [August 2009]

    Jewish Population in 1906 - 15,000. Source: Harvey E. Goldberg: The Book of Mordechai - A Study of the Jews of Libya" p. 170. Selections from writings of Mordechai Hakohen (1856-1929).

    Film: The Last Jews in Libya. [August 2009]

    Liberia Burial Sites:  0

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    Republic of Liberia on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, and the Atlantic Ocean had a 2008 population of 3,476,608. Its capital is Monrovia. Liberia's populated Pepper Coast is composed of mostly mangrove forests while the sparsely populated inland is forested, later opening to a plateau of drier grasslands.  It is one of the few countries in Africa without roots in the Europe. Founded as a colony by the American Colonization Society in 1821-22 as a place for slaves freed in the United States to emigrate to Africa. Slaves freed from slave ships also were sent there instead of being repatriated to their countries of origin. These freed slaves formed an elite group in Liberian society, and, in 1847 founded the Republic of Liberia, establishing a government modeled on that of the United States. Monrovia is the capitol. A 1980 military coup began instability that eventually led to civil war, hundreds of thousands dead, and the country's economy devastated. Liberia still is recovering from the lingering effects of the civil war and related economic dislocation.

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    No information has been donated.

    Lesotho, formerly Basutoland Burial Sites:  0

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    Kingdom of Lesotho, is a landlocked country and enclave - entirely surrounded by the Republic of South Africa  with an estimated population of almost 1,800,000. Its capital is Maseru. Lesotho is the southernmost landlocked country in the world and a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    No information has been donated about this community.

    Kenya Burial Sites:  4

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    The Republic of Kenya is a country on the Indian Ocean coast of East Africa. British influence began in the area in about 1885, and from 1888 the Imperial British East African Company began administering parts of the territory. In 1885, the UK proclaimed a protectorate over the British East Africa Potectorate (which at times included parts of Uganda). In 1920, the protectorate became the Kenya Colony. In 1963, Kenya was granted independence and in 1964 it adopted a republican constitution as the Republic of Kenya.

     

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    Jewish Community
    PO Box 30354
    Nairobi, Kenya
    Tel. 254 2 722 182 or 222770
    Fax. 254 2 715 996 [October 2000]

    Jewish settlement, mainly in Nairobi, dates from around 1900 when the British Government offered Zionists a territory for an autonomous Jewish Settlement. Herzl refused this; shortly afterward, a few Jews settled in the Colony. Later, some Central European refugees settled. Presently, around 165 Jewish families live here as do a number of Israelis. There are Jewish burials. Nairobi Hebrew Congregation (established 1904), PO Box 40990, Nairobi. Tel: 222770. Reference: Jews of Nairobi 1903-1963 by Julius Carlebach. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. [June 2000]

     

     

    Ghana, formerly Gold Coast Burial Sites:  0

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    The Republic of Ghana in West Africa borders Côte d'Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. Trade with European states flourished under the Portuguese in the 15th century and the British, who established a crown colony, Gold Coast, in 1874. The Gold Coast achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1957.
    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY
    • Shabbat in Ghana [August 2009]
    • History. [August 2009]
    • The House of Israel Community
      P.O. Box 57
      Sefwi Wiawso, Ghana W/R

    Gambia Burial Sites:  0

    Gabon Burial Sites:  0

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    This country in west central Africa borders the Gulf of Guinea to the west, Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, and Cameroon to the north, with the Republic of the Congo curving around the east and south. The estimated population in 2005 was 1,500,000. The capital and largest city is Libreville. Independence from France came on August 17, 1960. The small population and abundant natural resources and foreign private investment make Gabon one of the most prosperous countries in the region.

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY
    No information has been donated.

    Ethiopia, formerly Abyssinia Burial Sites:  2

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

     

    The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is a landlocked country in northeast Africa, known for much of its history as Abyssinia. Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries in the world, its roots lying deep in history. In 1936, Italy attacked and conquered the independent Empire of Abyssinia (or Ethiopia, as it preferred to be called) and incorporated it into Italian East Africa (which also included Eritrea and Italian Somaliland). During World War II, it was liberated by British and Ethiopian forces in 1941, whereupon the Empire of Ethiopia once again became a sovereign state. From 1951, Ethiopia was federated with Eritrea until 1962, when it incorporated Eritrea as a province. In 1974, the emperor was overthrown and a communist republic was declared which in 1987 adopted the name of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. In 1991, the communist regime was overthrown, following which Eritrea was granted independence in 1993 and, in 1995, the country adopted a new federal constitution under the name of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Its capital is Addis Ababa.

     

    ETHIOPIA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    Nearly 90% of Ethiopia's Jewish community, known as the Beta Israel (a term preferred to the name Falasha, which is considered pejorative), comprising more than 120,000 people, have now emigrated to Israel. However, many Falasha Mura, descendants of Beta Israel who had converted to Christianity, remain in Ethiopia but are seeking the right to emigrate to Israel.

    Website of "Jewish Ethiopia" [2000]

    Judaic Traditions in Ethiopian Village by Karen B. Hoffman.

    BOOK:  Schur, Maxine Rose . Day of Delight; A Jewish Sabbath in Ethiopia. Dial Books for Young Readers; ISBN: 0803714149. October 1994. Fiction for children. [September 2002]

    The History of Ethiopian Jews. [August 2009]

     

    Equatorial Guinea, formerly Spanish Guinea Burial Sites:  0

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    formerly Spanish Guinea (Rio Muni and Fernando Po & Annobón)

    (Spanish: República de Guinea Ecuatorial; French: République de Guinée Équatoriale; Portuguese: República da Guiné Equatorial) is located in Central Africa. The population is estimated at half a million. Equatorial Guinea has two parts: a Continental Region (Río Muni) including several small offshore islands like Corisco, Elobey Grande and Elobey Chico and an Insular Region containing Annobón island and Bioko island (formerly Fernando Po) where the capital Malabo is situated. Annobón is the southernmost island of Equatorial Guinea and is situated just south of the equator. Bioko island is the northernmost point of Equatorial Guinea. Between the two islands and to the east is the mainland region. Equatorial Guinea is bordered by Cameroon on the north, Gabon on the south and east, and the Gulf of Guinea on the west, where the island nation of São Tomé and Príncipe is located between Bioko and Annobón. Spanish is an official language especially in Ceuta and Melilla.

    Eritrea Burial Sites:  1

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

     

    The State of Eritrea is a republic in northeast Africa, having a long stretch of coastline along the Red Sea, opposite Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The territory was a separate Italian colony from 1890 until 1936, when it became a province of Italian East Africa (which also included Italian Somaliland and the then recently conquered Ethiopia). During World War II, Eritrea was captured by British forces in 1941 and administered by the UK until 1951, when it was federated with neighboring Ethiopia. In 1962, Ethiopia formally annexed Eritrea as a province. In 1993, the territory gained its independence as the State of Eritrea.

     

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    "Jews first settled in Eritrea in the late 19th century, emigrating from Yemen. Many Jews came to the country in search of economic and commercial opportunities. In 1905, the Asmara Hebrew Congregation was formed. During the 1930s, many Jews arrived in Eritrea fleeing Nazi persecution in Europe.The last wedding celebrated at the Asmara Hebrew Congregation was in the 1950’s. During that decade the Jewish congregation numbered more than 500. .... In 1948, many Jews left Eritrea when Israel gained its independence. Nevertheless, the majority of the Jewish community left the country in the 1970s during its thirty year battle with Ethiopia for independence. In 1975, the Rabbi and much of the community were evacuated. By then, only 150 Jews remained in Eritrea.The synagogue is kept up by Samuel Cohen, the last Jew left in Eritrea. The Cohen family immigrated to Eritrea around 1900. Asmara Hebrew Congregation, Haille Mariam Mammo Street, Asmara, Eritrea, Synagogue Keeper, Samuel Cohen." Virtual Jerusalem.  [January 2009]

     

     

    Djibouti, formerly French Somaliland Burial Sites:  0

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    formerly French Somaliland (French Territory of the Afars and Issas). Djibouti (Arabic: جيبوتي ‎ Jībūtī, Somali: Jabuuti), officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Horn of Africa bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, Somalia in the southeast., and by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. The  estimated 2005 population of over 500,000. Its capital is the city of Djibouti.

    No information has been donated about the former Jewish Community.

    Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Burial Sites:  0

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    Formerly Ivory Coast, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a republic in West Africa discourages the use of the name Ivory Coast in English, preferring the French name Côte d'Ivoire. Côte d'Ivoire borders Liberia and Guinea to the west, Mali and Burkina Faso to the north, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south. The country's population, which was 15,366,672 in 1998, is estimated at 18,373,060 in 2008.

    No information has been supplied about Jewish Community history of Côte d'Ivoire.

    Congo, Dem Rep of (formerly Belgian Congo, Zaire) Burial Sites:  2

    The Democratic Republic of Congo is a massive country in central Africa with a very short coastline on the Atlantic Ocean. From 1885 until 1908, it  was under the personal rule of the King of Belgium and known as the Congo Free State. The territory then passed to Belgian rule and was known as the Belgian Congo until being granted independence in 1960. Upon independence, the country initially adopted the name Republic of the Congo (and was generally known as Congo-Leopoldville to distinquish it from the adjoining former French colony also called Republic of the Congo). In 1964, it changed its name to Democratic Republic of the Congo and in 1971 to Republic of Zaire.  In 1997, it reverted to the name Democratic Republic of the Congo (sometimes referred to as DRC or Congo-Kinshasa).

     

    DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Under Belgian colonial rule, around 2,500 Jews lived in eight communities, centered in Elisabethville (now Lubumbashi). The majority of this largely Sephardic Community came from Rhodes or Salonika. Many settled in the Cape after independence. As of June 2000, around 85 Jews reside in Kinshasa (previously Leopoldville) and a few in Lubumbashi and smaller towns. A number of Israeli expatriates work there.  Courtesy of This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it [June 2000].

    Jewish burial ground is under the control of the Chief Rabbi of Zaire: Rabbi Moshe Levy, 50 West Churchill Avenue, PO Box 15, Brussels, Belgium

    History. Eastern European Jews from Romania and Poland arrived in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1907 followed by some Jewish families from South Africa and Palestine and then in 1911, Sephardic Jews from the island of Rhodes. The Communauté du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi, the Jewish community center, was established in 1911. In 1930, the first synagogue was consecrated in Elisabethville. Most of the Eastern European Jews left in the 1930s because of a severe economic crisis. From 1937, Rabbi Moses Levy led the Jewish communities of the Congo and Ruanda-Urandi. After World War I and II, however, many Jewish refugees from Eastern and Southern Europe came to the Congo. Prior to independence, approximately 2,500 Jews lived in the Congo; 50% resided in Elisabethville and about 70 Jewish families were based in Kinshasa, the capital of Congo. In the public schools, Jewish children were provided classes in Hebrew and Judaism. In 1960, after Zaire gained its independence and the Belgians left the country, many Jews also left, with large numbers immigrating to South Africa and Israel. In 2000, most of the 320 Jews lived in Lubumbashi. Most are of Sephardic descent and speak Ladino. A synagogue in Lubumbashi has a rabbi. A small Jewish community in Kinshasa is called Congregation Israelite. The Jewish community in Zaire is represented by the Communaute Israelite du Shaba. In 1960, the Republic of Congo established diplomatic relations with Israel. Zaire broke relations with Israel under pressure from the Arabs in 1973. A decade later, Zaire was one of the first to reestablish relations with Israel. [August 2009]

    DR Congo: Jewish academic says state radio spreading hate. [August 2009]

    Wherever There Is Coca-Cola, There Are Jews. [August 2009]

    From Rhodes to Africa : The Jews who built the Belgian Congo. [August 2009]

    Comoros Burial Sites:  0

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    Officially the Union of the Comoros (French: Union des Comores, Arabic: الاتّحاد القمريّ‎, al-Ittiḥād al-Qumuriyy), Comoros is an island nation in the Indian Ocean located off the eastern coast of Africa on the northern end of the Mozambique Channel between northern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique. The nearest countries to Comoros are Mozambique, Tanzania, Madagascar, and the Seychelles. It is the southernmost member state of the Arab League. The country officially consists of the four islands in the volcanic Comoros archipelago: Ngazidja (French: Grande Comore), Mwali (French: Mohéli), Nzwani (French: Anjouan), and Mahoré (French: Mayotte), as well as many smaller islands. Many years ago the Comoros Islands were known for their exports of perfume essences, as well as vanilla and cloves. Also famous is the prehistoric deep sea fish known as the coelacanthe, thought to be long extinct, which was discovered off the coast earlier in the 20th century. 

    Chad Burial Sites:  0

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    Chad (French: Tchad, Arabic: تشاد‎ Tshād), officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in central Africa and is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Largely a desert climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the "Dead Heart of Africa". Chad has three major geographical regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanese savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad is the largest wetland in Chad and the second largest in Africa. Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. Arabic and French are the official languages. Islam and Christianity are the most widely practiced religions.

    Central African Republic, formerly Ubangi-Shari Burial Sites:  0

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

     

    The Central African Republic (République centrafricaine, or Centrafrique; Sango Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka), is a landlocked country in Central Africa that borders Chad in the north, Sudan in the east, the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the south, and Cameroon in the west.

    Cameroon Burial Sites:  2

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    Vertical tricolor (green, red, yellow) with a five-pointed gold star in the center of the red.
    The Republic of Cameroon (République du Cameroun) in central and western Africa is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. Natural features include beaches, deserts, mountains, rainforests, and savannas. The largest cities are Douala, Yaoundé, and Garoua. Cameroon is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. English and French are the official languages.

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY
    Black Jews. [August 2009]
    Some believe that a Jewish presence existed in Cameroon via merchants from Egypt . According to some accounts, these communities observed rituals kashrut and  wore tefillin. Others claim that Jews migrated southward into Cameroon due to the Islamic conquests of North Africa. In 2009, only about a dozen Jews live in Cameroon. The congregation is mostly from Israel. The Israeli Embassy is located in the capital of Cameroon, Yaoundé. [August 2009]

    Burundi, formerly Urundi, part of Ruanda-Urundi Burial Sites:  0

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    Burundi, officially the Republic of Burundi, is located in the Great Lakes region of Eastern Africa and bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. The 2009 estimated population is almost 8,700,000. Its capital is Bujumbura. The landlocked country southwestern border is adjacent to Lake Tanganyika.

    Burkina Faso, formerly Upper Volta Burial Sites:  0

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta (République de Haute-Volta) and established on December 11, 1958 as a self-governing colony within the French Community, the name Upper Volta indicated that the country contains the upper part of the Volta River. The river is divided into three parts (Black Volta, White Volta and Red Volta), the colors of the national flag corresponded to the parts of the river. Before attaining autonomy, Burkina Faso had been French Upper Volta and part of the French Union. On August 5, 1960 Burkina Faso attained full independence from France. Also known as Bourkina or Burkina after 1984, this landlocked nation in West Africa is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest. The 2009 estimated population is more than 13,200,000. Burkina Faso's capital is Ouagadougou. After gaining independence from France in 1960, the country underwent many governmental changes. Today, the country is a semi-presidential republic.

    Botswana, formerly Bechuanaland Burial Sites:  1

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    The Republic of Botswana is a large landlocked country in southern Africa. It originally came under UK protection in 1885, as the Bechuanaland Protectorate, and remained a British protectorate until independence in 1966, when it adopted its present name.

     

    BOTSWANA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    A number of prominent Jewish farmers and traders contributed in many ways to the development of this sparsely populated vast country. Courtesy of This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it [June 2000]

    Jewish History. "Nearly all of the Jewish community live in Gaborone. The majority of the Jewish community is Israeli and work in agriculture, business and industry" [August 2009]

    Botswana Jewish Community. [August 2009]

    Benin, formerly Dahomey Burial Sites:  0

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    Officially the Republic of Benin, this country in Western Africa borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. The short coastline on the south leads to the Bight of Benin. Its capital is the Yoruba, but the seat of government is the Fon city of Cotonou. A democratic government existed between 1960 and 1972. A repressive Marxist-Leninist dictatorship took over between 1972 and 1991. Multiparty elections have taken place since 1991. About a third of the population live below the international poverty line with the income sources being subsistence agriculture and cotton. [August 2009]

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Jews of the Bilad al-Sudan (אַהַל יַהוּדּ בִּלַדּ אַל סוּדָּן, Judeo-Arabic) are those West African Jewish communities connected to known Jewish communities from the Middle East, North Africa, or Spain and Portugal. [August 2009]

    Angola, formerly Portuguese West Africa Burial Sites:  3

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

    The Republic of Angola is a large country on the Atlantic Ocean coast of southwest Africa. Angola was a Portuguese colony from the seventeenth century (sometimes being referred to as Portuguese West Africa) and became an Overseas Province of Portugal in 1951. It gained independence in 1975.

     

    ANGOLA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    "A Spot of Identity" by S Levin. M.D. first published in Jewish Affairs Sept. 1984: "There was a tradition among their families that they did not go to Church often, and her husband's grandmother used to light candles on a Friday night, for reasons nobody could fathom. While in Lisbon, Mrs. Pereira became ill with abdominal trouble and Dr de Oliveira who examined her said: 'The trouble is that bad meat is poisoning your system. Pork is forbidden. Blood is forbidden, so before you prepare meat you must first soak it overnight in water and then salt it to get all the traces of blood out.' She did as he advised, and recovered. 'I then remembered,' she told me, 'that Jews in Johannesburg do these things and I and my husband began to read and made to make inquiries. We discovered that President Salazar and General Spinola of Angola were of Jewish origin, and so are we!.....that's why we wear the Magen David.'" [September 2002]

    Jews of Angola. [August 2009]

    South Africa SIG [August 2009]

    The Jewish Colonization Project in Angola: João Medina; Joel Barromi. Journal of Israeli History: Politics, Society, Culture, 1744-0548, Volume 12, Issue 1, 1991, Pages 1 - 16 [August 2009]

    Jewish presence was in Catumbela, Benguela, and Luanda.

    Algeria Burial Sites:  5

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW BENERAL ALGERIAN INFORMATION

     

    Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is an Arab state in northwest Africa, with a coast along the Mediterranean Sea and extending to include a large area of the Sahara Desert. Part of the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire, from 1518 until 1830, when Algeria was invaded and conquered by France, it was a French colony from 1830 until its status was changed to that of an integral part of France in 1848.  Independence from France was achieved in 1962, following a long and bitter guerilla war.

     

    ALGERIA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Federation des Communautes Israelites d'Alger
    6 rue Hassena Ahmed (formerly rue de Suffren).
    Tel: (213) 262-85-72.
    Synagogue: 6 rue Hassena Ahmed
    Pres.: Maitre Roger Said.
    Tel: (213) 349 26 57, Fax: (213) 264 55 36

    The Jewish Community of Algeria.

    images [August 2009]

    journal article [September 2002]

    history of Middle Eastern Jews and specifically Algeria. [September 2002]

    Synagogues of Algeria. [August 2003]

    Algeria's Jewish population went from over 100,000 in 1948, 120,000 immediately before independence in 1962,  200-300 Jews in 2001 (mostly living in Algiers, with a few families in Blida, Constantine and Oran) [September 2002], and less than 50 today [Jewish Year Book 2008]

     

    "Jewish settlement in present-day Algeria can be traced back to the first centuries of the Common Era. In the 14th century, with the deterioration of conditions in Spain, many Spanish Jews moved to Algeria. Among them were a number of outstanding scholars, including the Ribash and the Rashbatz. After the French occupation of the country in 1830, Jews gradually adopted French culture and were granted French citizenship." Source: [October 2000]

     

    BOOK: The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in modern times by Reeva S. Simon, Michael M. Laskier, Sara Reguer

    ASIA Burial Sites:  0

    online version of the Beverley Davis Burial Data lists headstone details (only!) for over 40,000 Jewish graves in Australia, New Zealand, and Pacific Islands plus Australian Jewish War Graves in all countries. The collection is large, but is NOT complete. There is no inquiry service. Source: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., Digital Archivist, Australian Jewish Historical Society. [July 2008]

    Although some of the countries had no established Jewish community, there may have been a small number of Jewish residents and instances of Jewish burials. Please contact us if you have any information of this nature.

    The British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia has records of European cemeteries wherever the East India Company set foot. [July 2008]

    MIDDLE EAST Burial Sites:  0

    TURKEY, See under Western & Southeastern Europe

    EGYPT & NORTH AFRICA, See under Africa

     

    Kurdistan Burial Sites:  1

    Kurdistan; "Homeland of the Kurds" or "Land of the Kurds"; also formerly Curdistan is a roughly defined geo-cultural region of the Kurdish people from a prominent majority population with Kurdish culture, language, and national identity historically. Kurdistan roughly encompasses the northwestern Zagros and the eastern Taurus mountain ranges.Contemporary reference is four parts of a Greater Kurdistan, including SE Turkey (Northern Kurdistan), N Syria (Rojava or Western Kurdistan), N Iraq (Southern Kurdistan), and NW Iran (Eastern Kurdistan).

    History of the Jews in Kurdistan - Wikipedia, the.

    Kurdistan | Jewish Virtual Library

    Yemen Burial Sites:  2

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Jerusalem Post article "Amid persecution, Yemeni Jews face extinction" [January 2013]

    "Though Jews have populated Yemen since Biblical times, the first substantial number of Yemenites to accept Judaism did so in the fifth century under King Du-Nuas. As the only non-Muslims in the country, Yemenite Jews have faced constant persecution, including laws forbidding them to wear certain colors, ride animals or build tall houses. Jews began to emigrate from Yemen in 1882 and many landed in Israel. Emigration increased when Israel became a nation in 1948, and the fledgling nation accepted thousands of Jews who fled anti-Jewish riots. Despite the suppression, a small, secretive Jewish community remains in northern Yemen in villages in the vicinity of Saada, which is located in Sa'ata Province, close to the Saudi border. These Jews are not allowed to hold political office and are discouraged from having contact with their Muslim neighbors, so they continue their practices in virtual seclusion." Source: [January 2002]

     

    Jewish history. [August 2009]

    http://www.virtualjerusalem.com/communities/wjcbook/yemen/index.htm - [link no longer available]: "It is comprised of the Yahood Al-Maghrib (Western Jews) and the Yahood Al-Mashrag (Eastern Jews). These Jews mostly live in villages in the vicinity of Saada, which is located in Sa'ata Province, close to the Saudi border. The community is extremely insular." [October 2000]

     

    [UPDATE] Houthis to Jews:  Convert to Islam or Leave [October 2015]

    United Arab Emirates Burial Sites:  1

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in United Arab Emirates - contact us if you have any.

    (UAE) does not reveal a current population of Jews. History. An article about an American student in UAE: First Jewish Student in the United United Arab Emirates: Cincinnati's Michael Bassin [August 2009[

     

    Syria Burial Sites:  2

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY


    http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/anti-semitism/syrianjews.html

    click on Syria at WJC Communities website [September 2005]

    History. [August 2009]

    The Jews of Syria [August 2009]

    Jewish student in Syria article [August 2009]

    Saudi Arabia Burial Sites:  1

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Saudi Arabia - Contact us if you have any.

    Jewish history. [August 2009]

    Qatar Burial Sites:  1

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Qatar - Contact us if you have any.

    Jewish history. [August 2009]

    Oman Burial Sites:  3

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Oman - contact us if you have any.

    Jewish history. Jews of Oman article. [August 2009]

    Lebanon Burial Sites:  4

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    a blog for the Jewish community of Lebanon in French at the top and English below. Cemetery pictures are located there.

    history of the Jewish community. [February 2008]

    History. History. [August 2009]

    Kuwait Burial Sites:  1

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    • The Jewish Community, established by Jews from present day Iraq, dates from about 1776. By 1914, there were about 200 Jews but the community declined following the First World War and ceased to exist by the 1920's. However, the government of Kuwait had approved on building a new city called Madinat Al-Hareer, which will include skyscraper that will, among other things, house a mosque, a synagogue and a church under a single roof.
    • History. photo. [August 2009]

    Jordan, formerly Transjordan Burial Sites:  2

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Jordan - contact us if you have any.

    History of Jews in Jordan. [August 2009]

    Israel & the Territories Burial Sites:  159

    ISRAEL - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     
     
     
     
    http://www.kosherdelight.com/Israel.htm [August 2003]

    A memorial site for the Israeli soldiers fallen in the wars of Israel with their names, pictures and life stories was established by the Ministry of Defense (in Hebrew). Indices for military cemeteries are not generally included in civilian Chevra Kadish information. The army has a Hebrew web site with all names, including burial info.

    For more information see the JewishGen Infofiles for Israel

    References:
    • Gal'ed legiborim (Independence War Heroes Monuments), by Vilnai, Zeev; Jerusalem, 1959. 62p; Notes: Monuments Photographs and emplacements, No heroes names lists. Source: National and University Library, Jerusalem
    • Matsevot kodesh beErets-Ysrael (Erets-Yisrael Saints Tombstones); by Vilnai, Zeev Jerusalem, 1963. 1 vol. Notes: Period; Antiquity and Middle Ages- Saints names index. Tbsts places index. Source: National and University Library, Jerusalem
    Israel Jewish funeral and burial arrangements traditionally are seen as a community responsibility, with each community having its own Chevra Kadisha (Holy Brotherhood) responsible for all aspects of the preparation for burial and the burial itself. Chevra Kadisha Membership is a great honor. (By Gideon Carmi, Kibbutz Machanaim) Some of following data originally derived is from a translation of the Ministry of Religions booklet, dated spring 1997. Very small cemeteries such as those on kibbutzim are not included. Several members of the BeerSheva Genealogy Society assisted Israel Pickholtz This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it in compiling the information. Since names are transliterated from Hebrew, exercise discretion in finding names.

    Phone numbers are given assuming a call from Israel. If you call from outside Israel, precede the number with 972 (Israel country code) and remove the leading zero. For example: calling Afula from Israel: 06-649-2679 from overseas: 972-6-649-2679. Numbers starting with 050, 051, 052, 053 are cellular phones. Last Updated on Monday, 12 January 2009 15:11
     
    Coordinates of Cemeteries provided by This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. [2015]
    Note:
    The list below contains the GPS of some Jewish cemeteries in Israel.
    To find the location of a cemetery with GoogleEarth, enter
    The number from "North" column, +N, then the number from the East"
    column +E in the search field.  Example, to find Nesher, enter:
    32.765N 35.030E   Don't forget to press "search".

    This file contains notes about cemeteries in a few of the larger cities.

    All cemetery web searches are in Hebrew.

    If the death was before 1990, many records may be only hand written and information other than name, father's name, date of death and ID number may be the only information listed with the location of the grave.

    Haifa: I am not clear if Kfar Samir and Neveh Yehoshua are two cemeteries in the same collection of cemeteries or two names for the two cemeteries. The collection includes Jewish Military, Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Angelica, Muslim, Commonwealth and other cemeteries.

    Haifa has a web site for searching locations of Jewish graves:
    http://kadisha.net

    Tel Aviv:   Tel Aviv Burial Society manages 6 cemeteries.
    -Jaffa Jewish in Jaffa (Open twice weekly and by request)
    -Trumpuldor in Tel Aviv
    -Nachalat Yistzhak in Tel Aviv/Givataaim
    -Kiryat Shaul in Tel Aviv
    -Holon (South) in Bat Yam (entrance from Bat Yam and Rishon LeZion)
    -Yarkon in Petach Tikvah
    The web site for Tel Aviv is http://www.kadisha.biz

    Petach Tikva's cemetery is called Squla. There is a computer kiosk at the
    entrance for locating graves.
    The web site for Squla is: http://www.squla.org
    Squla contains a section that is managed by a Beni Brak
    Society.

    Netanya:    There is a computer kiosk at the entrance.

    Beni Brak:  2 or 3 cemeteries are located next to each other.
    Beni Brak has at least 4 Burial Societies.

    Jerusalem:  Har Hamenuchot is the same as Givat Shaul.
    There are at least 3 cemeteries located here with
    no division between the sections and the sections are
    not continuous. There is a map of part of Jerusalem Community
    Cemetery after the main parking area, enter to the left and
    the map is on the right.

    At this time there are at least 12 Burial Societies in Jerusalem.
    If you arrive between 9:00 and 13:00, you can usually
    call and get directions to the section you seek. Be sure to
    call the correct Society.

    Kfar Saba:  There is a little known cemetery back to back with the military
    cemetery. Tel Avivians that were expelled from Tel Aviv
    during WWI (and died) are buried here.

    Military:   IDF web site is:  http://www.izkor.gov.il
    Many military graves are located in non military cemeteries.
    Some in a special section, but graves can be found any place
    in most cemeteries.

    Commonwealth:  The web site is: http://www.cwgc.org.
    I included this site as there are a few Jewish graves,
    and Commonwealth graves in Jewish cemeteries.


    The Israel Genealogy Research Association's web site is:
    http://genealogy.org.il  This site has a large English
    section.  At this time it includes a list of Burial Societies
    and etiquette hints.

    All sites shown are public.
    All cemetery global positions(GPS) are from Waze.co.il, b144.co.il and GoogleEarth.
    The cemetery names are according to Waze, unless the name is unclear, or not shown in
    Waze, then the name is from b144.

     
    City and Cemetery Name                              East          North    
    Ashkalon Old                                       34.593         31.672   

    Gan Yavneh New                                     34.725         31.783   

    Netivot                                            34.584         31.429   

    Petach Tikva Sgula                                 34.888         32.104   

    Boostan HaGalil                                    35.089         32.955   

    Givat HaShlosha                                    34.920         32.092   

    Mayan Baruch                                       35.602         33.242   

    Sdamot Dvora                                       35.442         32.689   

    Shevei Tzion                                       35.084         32.986   

    Beit Arif                                          34.937         31.989   

    Elishema                                           34.936         32.157   

    Gan Shlomo                                         34.797         31.882   

    Karnei Shamron                                     35.102         32.173   

    Ora                                                35.148         31.757   

    Ramat HaSharon Netzach                             34.846         32.142   
    Ramle Old                                          34.863         31.928   

    Sedei Hemed                                        34.947         32.162   

    Tel Aviv Yaffo                                     34.753         32.051   

    Tkoa Cemetery                                      35.226         31.650   

    Acco Old Jewish                                    35.080         32.921   

    Afula                                              35.283         32.599   

    Alfei Menashe                                      35.002         32.175   

    Arad                                               35.229         31.273   

    Ashdod                                             34.667         31.801   

    Ashklon New                                        34.580         31.645   

    Atlit                                              34.934         32.697   

    Avichail (Partnership)                             34.868         32.354   

    Beer Yaakov                                        34.823         31.936   

    Beersheva New                                      34.748         31.243   

    Beersheva Old                                      34.769         31.242   

    Beit Dagan                                         34.830         31.997   

    Beit Gan (Yavniel)                                 35.492         32.712   

    Beit Shaarim                                       35.169         32.697   

    Beit Shemesh -Path of Life                         34.998         31.740   
    Ben Shemen Youth Village                           34.936         31.954   
    Beni Aish                                          34.763         31.789   

    Beni Brak Multiple Cem.                            34.834         32.073   
    Bet El                                             35.228         31.942   

    Bet Hanan                                          34.765         31.929   

    Bet Shaan New                                      35.512         32.502   

    Bet Shaan Old                                      35.508         32.503   

    Binyamina                                          34.940         32.522   

    CWGC Ramle                                         34.885         31.930   

    Demona                                             35.031         31.057   

    Eilat                                              34.945         29.570   

    El Roi                                             35.112         32.707   

    Eli                                                35.271         32.066   

    Elichin                                            34.918         32.408   

    Eretz Haim (near Bet Shemesh)                      35.007         31.773   
    Even Yehuda                                        34.872         32.266   

    Gan Haim                                           34.897         32.200   

    Gan Yaneh New                                      34.725         31.783   

    Gan Yanvneh Old                                    34.716         31.799   

    Gedera                                             34.770         31.807   

    Gezer District                                     34.915         31.899   

    Givat Ada                                          34.997         32.519   

    Givat Brenner                                      34.795         31.860   

    Hadera New                                         34.911         32.409   

    Hadera Old                                         34.927         32.431   

    Hadid                                              34.941         31.958   

    Haifa Old (Kiryat Eliyahu)                         34.989         32.826   

    Hertzalya                                          34.831         32.170   

    Hod Hasharon  Neveh Hadar                          34.871         32.146   
    Hod HaSharon Migdael                               34.909         32.170   
    Hod HaSharon Ramat HaShavim/Kfar Malal             34.889         32.172   
    Jerusalem Givat Ram                                35.206         31.780   
    Jerusalem HarHamenuchot                            35.180         31.797   
    Jerusalem HarHertzel                               35.180         31.775   

    Jerusalem Likarim                                  35.228         31.768   

    Jerusalem Mt of Olives                             35.241         31.774   

    Jerusalem Sanhedria                                35.221         31.797   

    Kadima-Tzuran                                      34.926         32.283   

    Karmiel                                            35.327         32.925   

    Kfar Hasidim and Rechasim                          35.099         32.744   
    Kfar Saba Geulim                                   34.923         32.167   

    Kfar Saba Menucha Nachona                          34.947         32.187   
    Kfar Saba Mil and Very Old                         34.916         32.173   
    Kfar Saba Nordou (Old)                             34.918         32.168   
    Kfar Saba Pardes Haim                              34.948         32.187   
    Kfar Shmiryahu                                     34.828         32.190   

    Kfar Tavur                                         35.430         32.688   

    Kfar Vitkin                                        34.885         32.386   

    Kfar Vradim                                        35.255         33.001   

    Kfar Yehoshua                                      35.157         32.699   

    Kfar Yona                                          34.924         32.328   

    Kidron                                             34.797         31.813   

    Kiryat Anavim                                      35.124         31.812   

    Kiryat Ekron                                       34.830         31.866   

    Kiryat Gat                                         34.787         31.607   

    Kiryat Melachi                                     34.748         31.738   

    Kiryat Shmona New                                  35.578         33.227   
    Kiryat Shmona Old                                  35.566         33.214   

    Lahavim                                            34.801         31.364   

    Lod Military and Old Cem.                          34.903         31.948   
    Lod New                                            34.889         31.962   

    Maalot                                             35.267         33.017   

    Metula                                             35.582         33.270   

    Migdal                                             35.501         32.833   

    Migdal HaEmek                                      35.233         32.687   

    Miskeret Batya                                     34.840         31.850   

    Mizpeh Rimon                                       34.806         30.622   

    Nachalat Rishonim                                  35.110         32.795   

    Naharia                                            35.088         32.999   

    Naharia New                                        35.146         33.005   

    Natanya Shikun  Vatikim                            34.881         32.298   
    Nazareth Elit Old                                  35.338         32.712   

    Nazereth Elit New                                  35.337         32.710   

    Ness Tziona                                        34.795         31.908   

    Netivot                                            34.584         31.431   

    Nir Tzvi                                           34.868         31.948   

    Niram                                              34.586         31.522   

    Nordia                                             34.894         32.306   

    Ofakim                                             34.609         31.315   

    Ofra                                               35.262         31.961   

    Omer                                               34.838         31.257   

    Or Akiva                                           34.920         32.515   

    Pardes Hana-Kakur                                  34.980         32.479   

    Raanana  Kfar Nachman                              34.850         32.199   
    Raanana Klauzner                                   34.875         32.175   

    Ramat HaSharon New                                 34.854         32.120   
    Ramat Isai                                         35.157         32.700   

    Ramat Yochanon                                     35.122         32.797   

    Ramla New                                          34.862         31.920   

    Rechasim and Kfar Hasidim                          35.099         32.744   
    Rechovot Maran founders and Military               34.827         31.898   
    Rechovot New                                       34.828         31.900   

    Rishon LeZion Gordon                               34.822         31.948   
    Rishon LeZion Old and Mil                          34.819         31.970   
    Rosh HaAyen                                        34.958         32.105   

    Rosh Pina                                          35.533         32.970   

    Rosh Pina Military                                 35.538         32.964   

    Savyon                                             34.891         32.048   

    Sedeh Yakov                                        35.135         32.703   

    Shaarim Mamark (Givatron/Rechovot)                 34.800         31.882   
    Sharona                                            35.472         32.718   

    Shderot                                            34.593         31.536   

    Shlomi Maale Yosef                                 35.136         33.078   

    Shoresh                                            35.064         31.793   

    Stulim                                             34.695         31.773   

    Tel Aviv HaYarkon                                  34.869         32.114   

    Tel Aviv Kiryat Shaul                              34.823         32.129   

    Tel Aviv Kiryat Shaul Mil.                         34.827         32.129   

    Tel Aviv Nechalot Yitzhak                          34.800         32.071   
    Tel Aviv South (Holon)                             34.752         31.999   

    Tel Aviv Trumpeldor                                34.770         32.075   

    Tel Mond                                           34.927         32.261   

    Tiberious Old                                      35.543         32.781   

    Tirat HaCarmel                                     34.973         32.753   

    Tivon                                              35.135         32.706   

    Tzfat                                              35.487         32.968   

    Tzfat Antic                                        35.490         32.970   

    Tzfat Military                                     35.490         32.970   

    Tzofit                                             34.923         32.193   

    Tzur Moshe                                         34.923         32.292   

    Tzur Shalom                                        35.105         32.846   

    Yahud                                              34.892         32.023   

    Yanuv                                              34.938         32.308   

    Yavneh New                                         34.739         31.860   

    Yavniel                                            35.506         32.694   

    Yerucham New                                       34.944         30.980   

    Yerucham Old                                       34.935         30.987   

    Zichron Yaakov                                     34.953         32.569   


     
     

    Iraq Burial Sites:  4


    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    History and History. [October 2000]

    US Iraqi Jewish Community [October 2000]

    Iraq: A Jewish Perspective: Jewish Chaplain Rabbi Carlos Huerta from the 2nd Brigade of the 101st Airmobile Division, provides some very interesting insights about his mission in Iraq. [August 2009]

    Jewish History. [August 2009]

    The Jews of Iraq [August 2009]

    Iran, formerly Persia Burial Sites:  9

    IRAN - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Persian Jewry [August 2009]

    http://www.bh.org.il/Communities/Archive/Teheran.asp [October 2000]

    Center for Iranian Jewish Oral History, PO Box 2543, Beverly Hills, California 90213-2543, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it [October 2000]

    http://www.haruth.com/JewsIran.html [October 2000]

    Life of Jews in Iran and Jewish history.

    A BRIEF HISTORY OF IRANIAN JEWS By Massoume Price "...There were 85,000 Iranian Jews before 1979, almost half have emigrated mainly to USA. " [February 2002]

    "Tehran has 11 functioning synagogues, many of them with Hebrew schools. It has two kosher restaurants, and a Jewish hospital, an old-age home and a cemetery." Demick, Barbara. IRAN: Life of Jews Living in Iran. Knight-Ridder. September 30, 1997. [October 2000]

    "The roots of the Persian Jewish community reach back to the 6th century B.C. The Jewish community in Persia used to be one of the most culturally vibrant in the world, yet its numbers have dwindled due to centuries of harsh persecution. Before the Islamic revolution in 1979 there were 80,000 Jews in Iran, and though most have emigrated to Israel, there is still a dedicated Jewish community in Tehran. There currently a small number of synagogues in Tehran, as well as three Jewish schools. Though curriculum in the Jewish schools is strictly Islamic and teachers are only allowed to teach the Bible in Persian, there is some Hebrew instruction available through the community's elders. The recent moderate regime in Iran has loosened control on the Jewish minority in Tehran, and the community has been able to revitalize some of its religious practices." Source [January 2002]

    Bahrain Burial Sites:  1

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY


    "Jews from Iraq, Iran and India settled in Bahrain in the late 19th century and became active in commerce and handicrafts. In 1947 there were anti-Semitic disturbances in which one Jew was killed and several injured. On holidays religious services are conducted in a private home, and the Jewish community maintains its own burial ground." Source: Click on Bahrain at WJC Communities website [September 2002/5]

    There is a small indigenous Jewish community. Source

     

    Azerbaijan Burial Sites:  10

    AZERBAIJIAN

    Azerbaijan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikası), is a country in the Transcaucasian region, situated at the crossroads of SW Asia and SE Europe bounded by the Caspian Sea to the E, Russia to the N, Georgia to the NW, Armenia to the W  and Iran to the S.

    Wikipedia [Dec 2017]

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    The Jewish Community of Azerbaijan: Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it [November 2000]

    Humanitarian Association of Jewish Women

    370007 Baku Azerbaijan,

    Prospect Azadlig 70, KB #50

    Tel/Fax: (99-412) 40-36-27

    E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    Dr. Larisa Efimovna Pehrudel, president

    History:

    Haruth [November 2000]

    http://www.fjc.ru [January 2004]

    Kosher Delight [August 2003\

    Click on Azerbaijan at WJC Communities website [September 2005]

    "Nearly 8,000 "Mountain Jews" live in the Azerbaijan in cities like Baku and in villages such as Krasnaya, Sloboda and Vartashen. These Jews descend from Iranian tribes that moved into the Azerbaijani mountains in the 5th and 6th centuries. They are separate from other Jewish communities in that they speak Tat, a unique New-Persian language, and have developed many practices and traditions in kind with Dagestan mountain tribes. They have traditionally been grain farmers and wine makers, and were allowed to retain many of their skills (although less of their culture) during the Soviet period. The community has become active again since the end of the Soviet period, but Azerbaijiani nationalism has recently threatened to curtail their revival."

    Jewish history [Dec 2018]

    JewishGen's ShtetlSeeker references border changes to locate a given town. [February 2009]

    Source:  [January 2002]

    "... an estimated 17,300 Jews in Azerbaijan at the end of 1993. The rate of immigration from Azerbaijan to Israel was high: 2,625 left Azerbaijan for Israel in 1992, and 3,133-in 1993. Source: WJC Communities website (see above) (current version does not contain this text)   [September 2002] UPDATE "Since 1989, 27,650 Azeri Jews have emigrated to Israel." Source: WJC Communities website (see above) (current version does not contain this text)   [September 2005]

    "Most Jews in this predominantly Muslim country live in the cities of Baku (12,000) and Kuba (2,000). Other communities exist, but none is larger than 500 people. The Jewish population comprises two different ethnic backgrounds. One of the two Jewish Azeri groups are Ashkenazim who settled in Azerbaijan in the last century. The other Jews are Caucasian Mountain Jews, known as Tats. The latter group speak a Jewish dialect called Judeo-Tat. During the period of Soviet rule, Tat religious and cultural institutions were closed and the Soviet policy of forced acculturation took its toll on Tat customs and language." Source [September 2002]

    EASTERN EUROPE Burial Sites:  0

    Major Concentration Camps: Eastern Europe Burial Sites:  10

    "Gone are the living, but the dead remain
    And not neglected; for a hand unseen
    Scattering its bounty like a summer rain
    Still keeps their graves and their remembrance green."
    --Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
    See similar categories in Western & Southeastern Europe and Germany.
    Compiled by Bernard Kouchel: Jewish Genealogical Society of Broward County. January 1994

    Kosovo Burial Sites:  1

    The Jewish Community

    Last Seder in Kosovo? [September 2010]

    History of the Jews of Kosovo [September 2010]

    Jewish Virtual Library for Kosovo [September 2010]

    Kosovo Jews Uncertain About Future [September 2010]

    The lone remaining Jewish community in Prizren speaks Albanian and Turkish. Prizren (Albanian: Prizren or Prizreni; Serbian: Призрен, Prizren; Turkish: Prizren) is a historical city located in southern Kosovo as the administrative center of the homonymous municipality and district.

    Georgia inc. Abkhasia & S. Ossetia Burial Sites:  4

    GEORGIA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    The Jewish Community of Georgia email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. [October 2000]
    http://www.fjc.ru [January 2004]
    Also click on Georgia at WJC Communities website [September 2005]

    Armenia Burial Sites:  19

    ARMENIA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Three distinct and unrelated populations of Jews have lived in Armenia in ancient, medieval, and modern periods. The fate of the earliest Jews arriving in Armenia by the 1st century BCE or 1st century CE is unknown. Much later, Jews arrived in other parts of Armenia, probably from Persia. By the mid-13th century CE, a thriving Jewish community was existed in Eghegis. However, no continuity appears between Armenian Jews of the Middle Ages and the Jews who settled in Armenia in the 19th and 20th centuries. The fate of the medieval Armenian Jews is a mystery.

    JewishGen's ShtetlSeeker references border changes to locate a given town.  Contemporary Jewish populations of Armenia descend primarily from Ashkenazic Jews with a smaller number of Mizrakhim. In the early 19th century, Jews from Poland and Persia began settling in Armenia's capital, Yerevan. In the 1920s, many European sector Soviet Union Jews resettled in Armenia. Additional Russian Jews arrived during and after World War II, bringing the Jewish population to about 5000 people. Between 1965 and 1972,  Jewish population reached about 10,000, peaking in the second half of the 20th century. Today, considerably fewer Jews live in Armenia, perhaps as few as 1000, of whom perhaps about 500 live in Yerevan. Intermarriage between Jews and Armenians is very high. Most 20th-century Armenian Jews immigrated to Israel in the early 1990s when the Soviet Union collapsed.

    Yerevan synagogue operates under a Chabad Lubavitch rabbi since 2002. In general, Armenia and Armenians have good relations with Jews and Israel. JewishGen's ShtetlSeeker references border changes to locate a given town. [February 2009]

    Sources:

    For Further Information about Armenian Jews:
    Haruth [September 2002]
    Sefardic Studies. The Lost Jews of Armenia [September 2002]
    Also click on Armenia at WJC Communities website [September 2005]

    Slovenia Burial Sites:  14

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY


    Additional pictures and data about Slovenia can be found on the web pages of the US Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad. See: http://www.preservationcommission.org/sirep.html [January 2001]

    2006 Slovenia Survey by Sam Gruber. [August 2010]

    BOOK: Gruber, Ruth Ellen and Samuel D. Jewish Monuments in Slovenia. Jewish Heritage Research Center, November 1996. The US Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad. This booklet contains detailed description of towns and their history and includes many pictures of synagogues and cemeteries. Contact: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    BOOK: Gruber, Ruth Ellen. Jewish Heritage Travel: A Guide to East-Central Europe. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1992. (Pages 237-238) has town and photo information for Lendava 238, Ljubljana 238, Maribor 237, Nova Gorica 238, Piran 238, and Murska Sobota 238. Extracted by Elaine B. Kolinsky


    Serbia Burial Sites:  22

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    • BOOK: Freedman, Warren. World Guide for the Jewish Traveler. NY: E.P. Dutton Inc, 1984.
    • BOOK: Gruber, Ruth Ellen.Jewish Heritage Travel: A Guide to East-Central Europe. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1992. (pages 234-259).
    Wikipedia with more Jewish history: "The Jewish community of Serbia goes back two thousand years. Jews first arrived in what is now Serbia in Roman times. The Jewish communities of the Balkans remained small until the late 15th century, when Jews fleeing the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions found refuge in Ottoman-ruled areas, including Serbia. Jewish communities flourished in the Balkans until the turmoil of World War I. The surviving communities, including that of Serbia, were almost completely destroyed in the Holocaust during World War II." [July 2014]
    The only remaining functioning synagogue in Serbia is the Belgrade Synagogue.
    Jewish history. [July2014]

    Montenegro Burial Sites:  3

    See the Jewish Heritage site: "Between four and seven Jewish cemeteries are believed to exist: Podgorica (Classical and later Duklja or Doclea, and also the site of a fourth or fifth-century Jewish grave, found in the 1960s), Kotor, Budva and nearby Herceg Novi are the most likely locations. Žabljak, Bar and Virpazar are also possible sites. The claimed tomb of the false Messiah Shabbatei Zevi, known among Muslims as Mehamed Effendi, is in the coastal town of Ulcinj, though the owners do not permit access."

    North Macedonia, former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia Burial Sites:  13

    NORTH MACEDONIA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY


    26 Jewish cemeteries are identified in this country. Source: Srdjan Matic, MD, 40 West 95th Street, Apt. 1-B, New York, NY 10025; (212) 2227783.

    Source: Gruber, Ruth Ellen. Jewish Heritage Travel, A Guide to East-Central Europe. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1992. (pages 256-258) Extracted by Elaine B. Kolinsky: MACEDONIA

    No functioning synagogue existed in the country (then the most southerly republic in Yugoslavia) immediately following WWII. In 1991, the country seceded from Yigoslavia, as the Republic of Macedonia (although as a result of a dispute with Greece over the name "Macedonia", it was generally known internationally as the Former Yogoslav Republic of Macedonia - FYROM). In 2019, the country officially changed its name to the Republic of North Macedonia.

    In 2000, a prayer hall opened on the top floor of the renovated Jewish community center in Skopje: The Jewish Community in the Republic of (North) Macedonia, Ul. Borka Taleski 24,91000 Skopje,Macedonia, +389 91 237 543 and +389 91 214 799. Macedonian Jews maintain close contacts with the Jewish communities of Belgrade (Serbia) and Thessalonika (Greece), holding occasional joint cultural and religious events with these groups.[January 2009]

    "The earliest Jewish presence was really in Macedonia and Dalmatia. Philo mentions the Jews of Macedonia in Embassy to Gaius (Legatio ad Gaium), translated into English by F. H. Colson (1962), par. 281, while the apostle Paul delivered sermons in its communities (Acts 20:1-2). A Greek inscription on a pillar of the church-a former synagogue-in Stobi (in the vicinity of the town of Bitolj (Monastir) and now preserved in the national museum of Belgrade, serves as evidence of the Jewish settlement during the second and third centuries. In it, Claudius Tiberius Polycharmos relates his Jewish way of life. During the Middle Ages, Jews lived in Bitolj (Monastir), Skoplje, Ochrida, and Struga. During the reign of the Serbian emperor Stefen Dushan there is a mention of Jewish farmers in Macedonia (conquered by Dushan in 1353). During the 14th century, the renowned grammarian Judah (Leon) Moskoni, whose version of Josephus was published in Constantinople in 1510, lived in Ochrida. During the 16th century there were Jewish communities in Skoplje, Bitolj, Ni2, Smederevo, and Po9arevac. At the time, Skoplje was a commercial center. The Jews traded in wool clothes, "kachkaval" cheese, and also engaged in commerce between Salonika and Constantinople on the one hand and Western Europe on the other. In 1680 Nathan of Gaza died in Skoplje. His admirers made an annual pilgrimage to his tomb. When the armies of Leopold I approached Skoplje in 1689, the Jews hurriedly abandoned the city. Their synagogues were burnt down and the wall surrounding their quarter also was destroyed by the flames. The Jewish population of xtip was of Salonikan origin. During the 17th and 18th centuries, R. Abraham Motal ha-Paytan ("the hymnologist") and R. Reuben b. Abraham, who wrote the work Derekh Yesharah (Leghorn, 1788) and in Ladino Tikkunei ha-Nefesh (Salonika, 1765-75), lived in this town. At the time of the upheavals in Turkey which preceded the Balkan Wars, more Jews settled in Macedonia." Source [February 2009]

    North Macedonia shares borders with Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, and Kosovo. The wider region of Macedonia included parts of present day Bulgaria and Greece where Jews lived since ancient Roman times. Jewish archeological sites can be seen at Stobi, an ancient Roman commercial centre near Gradsko. Discovered in 1861, excavations began in 1924 hat revealed the mosaic floor of a synagogue 1.5 metres below the remains of a 4th-century CE Christian basilica. A 3rd century CE column unearthed in 1931 dates fbears an inscription describing the construction of this synagogue by Claudius Tiberius Polycharmos.

    Jews from central Europe (today's Austria and Hungary) also settled in Macedonia in medieval times, particularly during the Ottoman period. Jews came to the Balkans after expulsions from Spain in 1492 and Portugal in 1497. These ruling Turks welcomed these Sephardim and allowed them to form  communities in Monastir (Bitola), Štip, and Skopje with close links to communities now in northern Greece, notably Thessalonika (Salonika). Macedonian Jews engaged in trade, banking, medicine, law, and even became administrators for the Sublime Porte (Royal Court of Istanbul). Bitola in particular was a lively centre of Sephardi culture, although a poor Jewish underclass developed in the 19th century. By 1910 (eve of the Balkan wars) saw 10,000 Jews living in what is now North Macedonia. These wars devastated the region, encouraging residents including Jews to emigrate. On the eve of World War II, about 8,000 Jews lived in North Macedonia.  The largest community at Bitola numbered about 3,350. Bulgaria invaded the country in Winter 1941. Together with the Jews of Northern Greece and Thrace, most Macedonian Jews were arrested by the Bulgarian Army and transported to Treblinka and Auschwitz  where they were exterminated. 7,200 Macedonian Jews died; only a handful survived by hiding or with the partisans. Bulgarian authorities appropriated all Jewish assets.

    Early Jewish history [March 2009]

    Today's Jewish community of about 190 people almost all live in the capital city, Skopje. The community promotes restoration of the historic cemetery in Bitola. Some 200 to 300 Jews living elsewhere in North Macedonia, but are unaffiliated with a formal Jewish community. On 30 May 2000, the country's parliament enacted a law that allowed heirless properties of Jewish Holocaust victims to be included in a special-purpose fund whose proceeds would create a Holocaust memorial museum in the country. [January 2009]

    Croatia Burial Sites:  71

    CROATIA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    [January 2009] Located in SE Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia.

    Regions and history. Slightly smaller than West Virginia, current population is 4.7 million. Due to location, Croatia controls most land routes from western Europe to the Aegean Sea and the Turkish Straits.  More details about the country.

    U.S. Commission Survey of Jewish Heritage Sites and Monuments in Croatia: Probably the most complete listing of Jewish heritage sites in Croatia, compiled in large part by Ivan Ceresnjes of the Center for Jewish Art in Jerusalem, the foremost researcher on Jewish heritage in the former Yugoslavia - downloadable as a PDF file.

    El Mundo Sefarad: Web site dedicated to Jews, Jewish history, and Jewish heritage in the former Yugoslavia. There are links to photo galleries and much other material.

    Slide Show of Destroyed Synagogues in Croatia

    Jewish Guide to Croatia [July 2014].

    [UPDATE] Why Croatian Jews Boycotted 2017 Holocaust Remembrance Day [January 2017]

    Administrative Divisions - 21 Counties (Zupanijas, Zupanija - Singular): Bjelovar-Bilogora, City of Zagreb, Dubrovnik-Beretta, Sitar, Carload, Koprivnica-Krizevci, Krapina-Zagorje, Lika-Senj, Medimurje, Osijek-Baranja, Pozega-Slavonia, Primorje-Gorski Kotar, Sibenik, Sisak-Moslavina, Slavonski, Brod-Posavina, Split-Dalmatia, Varazdin, Virovitica-Podravina, Vukovar-Srijem, Zadar-Knin, Zagreb. Photos throughout Croatia. [January 2009]

    Jews along the Dalmatian Coast in ancient Roman times also had ancient settlements inland as witnessed by archaeological finds from the second through fourth centuries in Istria, Dalmatia and inland Slavonia with evidence of permanent ancient settlements found at Salona (Split) and Mursa (Osijek). A few Jewish settlements in what is now Croatia during the Middle Ages were mainly on the coast. As a result, major sea related commerce Jewish communities developed. Jewish presence is known in Dubrovnik (1326), Split (1397), Sibenik (1432), Rijeka (1436), and (inland) Zagreb in 1355. Inland Croatia, under Hapsburg rule in 1526, expelled the Jews until Emperor Joseph II issued an Edict of Tolerance in 1783 that allowed Jews freedom of movement and other civil rights. Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants from Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia, and Austria   founded most inland Croatia Jewish communities. Full emancipation came only in 1873.Small coastal medieval Jewish communities in the late 15th and early 16th centuries received waves of Sephardic Jewish refugees fleeing Spain, Portugal, and parts of Italy. (except that Istria's port of Rijeka) ever reached more than a few hundred people although they were economically prominent.

    In April 1941, about 25,000 Jews lived in Croatia. Croatia was a supposedly independent country, but really ruled as a Nazi puppet by the ultra-nationalist, fascist Ustasa, who  implemented harsh anti-Semitic legislation and committed horrific atrocities against Jews, Serbs, and Gypsies. Transit and concentration camps established included Jasenovac death camp south of Zagreb, sometimes called the "Auschwitz of the Balkans."

    After WWII, communist Yugoslavia (six federated republics: Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia, and Montenegro under Marshal Josip Broz Tito) came into being. Jewish life began to return to the Balkans even though approximately 14,500 out of a pre-war population of 16,000 Serbian Jews were killed. Many survivors emigrated to Israel, abandoning ruined synagogues and cemeteries: Former synagogues either were demolished or put to new uses. Many abandoned cemeteries' gravestones were used for construction. Others became neglected and forgotten. The Yugoslavian Jewish community of about 6,000 people was recognized as an ethnic and a religious community. Communist Yugoslavia, not a part of the Soviet bloc, left local Jews in peace until they were very assimilated into society and irreligious. With only one rabbi in the country, the Federation of Yugoslav Jewish Communities cared for Jewish cemeteries, synagogues, and other structure where Jewish communities no longer exist. Some cemeteries were moved, some maintained. They erected about thirty Holocaust memorials. With the secession of Slovenia, then Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1991, the series of bloody Balkan wars tore apart the country, killed hundreds of thousands, displaced millions, and destroyed thousands of religious, cultural, and historic heritage sites. Government collapse disorganized Jewish institutions. Gradually the small Jewish communities of the former Yugoslavia have recreated themselves on a much smaller scale. See pdf for United States Commission for the Preservation of American's Heritage Abroad for more information and photos.

    "The Croats, who penetrated into the N.W. Balkans in the seventh century and established a kingdom in the tenth, found there several Jewish communities. In the letter of Hisdai ibn Shaprut (5:10) to Joseph the king of the Khazars, there is a mention of the "king of the Gebalim" who sent a deputation, which included Mar Saul and Mar Joseph, to Caliph Abdurrahman III of Cordoba. The "king of the Gebalim, the Slavs," whose country bordered that of the Hungarians, was Kre2imir, king of Croatia. The messengers informed Hisdai that Mar Amram of the court of the Khazar king had come to the land of the "Gebalim." There is little information on the Jews of Croatia from the 10th to 15th centuries. Some Jews lived in the Croatian capital Zagreb in the 13th and 14th centuries, when they had a chief entitled "magistratus Judaeorum," and a synagogue. Others settled between the Sava and Drava (Drau) and Danube rivers during the 15th century. As long as the economy of the country required the presence of the Jews, they lived there without hindrance. As soon as they were superfluous, they were persecuted and driven out. The Jews were expelled from Croatia and Slavonia in 1456. Croatia together with Hungary passed to the Hapsburgs in 1526, and no Jews lived there for the next 200 years.

    Toward the end of the 18th century, Jews from Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia, and especially Burgenland (east Austria) resettled there. In 1776 Jews came to Osijek and in 1777 to Varaydin and a limited number to Zagreb. At that time there was also a Jewish community in Zemun. R. Judah b. Solomon Hai Alkalai (1798-1878), who lived there from 1825 to 1874, also propagated the ideals of the movement for the settlement of Erez Israel in Aabac and Belgrade. A census of the Jews in 1773, during the reign of Maria Theresa, revealed only 25 families. It was only after the publication of the Toleranzpatent in 1782 by Emperor Joseph II that the situation improved and more Jews arrived from the north and the south. The right of residence was granted in 1791. Further rights were granted in 1840, but the "tolerance tax" remained in force. The Jews of Croatia and Dalmatia only received their full emancipation in 1873. Until 1890 the community of Osijek was the most prominent, but from that year the community of Zagreb, founded in 1806, became the leading one. In 1841 an Orthodox congregation was founded in Zagreb. The Jews of Croatia were mostly merchants and some were artisans.

    Jews arrived in Dalmatia with the Roman armies. In Solin (Salona), in the vicinity of Split (Spalato), there are remains of a Jewish cemetery of the third century. There was a Jewish community in Solin until 641, when Solin was destroyed by the Avars. During the Middle Ages, the Jews of Split and Ragusa (Dubrovnik) engaged in commerce and especially in the brokerage of the trade between Dalmatia and Italy and the Danubian countries. Under the autonomous republic which was established in Dubrovnik during the 15th century, the Jews lived in relative tranquillity. The Christian clergy, however, attempted to oppress them and succeeded in spreading blood libels in Dubrovnik in 1502, 1622, and 1662. During the 16th century, refugees from Spain and Portugal settled in Dalmatia. When Pope Paul IV expelled the Jews from Ancona in 1556, a considerable number of them requested asylum in Dubrovnik. These included the physician Amatus Lusitanus and his friend the poet Didacus Pyrrhus, both Marranos. In 1738 the condition of the Jews in Dalmatia deteriorated. The Jews of Split lived in a ghetto until the arrival of the French in 1806. In 1906 the Austro-Hungarian government passed a law which defined the status of the Jewish communities of Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia. In 1870 there were already 10,000 Jews in Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia; 13,488 in 1880; and 17,261 in 1890. After World War I there were 20,000 Jews in Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia." Source [February 2009]

    Jewish Encyclopedia artice about Croatia [February 2009]

    Synagogues Without Jews [February 2009]

    YUGOSLAVIA REFERENCES:

    REFERENCES:


    1. Aladjic, Viktorija. 'Detailed chronology of restoration work on the Subotica synagogue 1974-2000', 'Save Our Subotica Synagogue' website, 2004. Online at:
    2. www.sos-sinagoga.org.yu/en/synagogue/restoration74_00.htm (2007)
    3. Anastasijevic, Dejan. 'The Synagogue in Zemun: Synagogue, restaurant, shooting Range,' Vreme News Digest Agency 290, 26 April 1997.
    4. www.scc.rutgers.edu/serbian_digest/290/t290-8.htm (2007)
    5. Banjica Concentration Camp museum (2007)
    6. Baumhorn Lipót Epitesz 1860-1932 (exhibition catalogue), Budapest: Jewish Museum of Budapest, 1999
    7. Bunardzic, Radovan. Menore iz Čelareva/Menoroth from Čelarevo, Belgrade: Federation of Jewish Communities in Yugoslavia, 1980
    8. Bilten. (Monthly newsletter of the Federation of Jewish Communities in Yugoslavia) Belgrade
    9. Bunardzhich, Radovan. Menore iz Čelareva. Belgrade: Savez Jevrejskih Opstina Jugoslavije, 1980. Museum exhibition guide for the menorah images from Čelarevo (in Serbian)
    10. Bunardzhich, Radovan. 'Čelarevo - necropolis and settlement of the 8th-9th century'; Xazary: Vtoroi Mezhdunarodnii Kollokvium: Tezisy, Vladimir Iakovlevich Petrukhin and Artyom M. Fedorchuk, eds, Moscow: Tsentr Nauchnyx Rabotnikov i Prepodavatelei Judaiki v Vuzakh 'Sefer', Evreiskii Universitet v Moskve, and Institut Slavyanovedeniya Rossiiskoy Akademii Nauk, 2002, 19-21? [sic]
    11. Čerešnješ, Ivan. Caught in the Winds of War: Jews in the Former Yugoslavia, Institute of the World Jewish Congress, Israel, 1999
    12. Dorcol Holocaust Memorial:  (2007)
    13. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990.
    14. Grossman, Grace Cohen. Jewish Museums of the World, Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, Inc., 2003
    15. Gruber, Ruth Ellen. Upon the Doorposts of Thy House: Jewish Life in East-Central Europe, Yesterday and Today, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994.
    16. Gruber, Ruth Ellen. Preliminary Survey of Historic Jewish Sites in Serbia and Montenegro, United States Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad, Washington, 2003.
    17. Gruber, Ruth Ellen. 'Serbian cemetery being renovated, easing tiff between Jews and Gypsies', Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 29 August, 2004. Online at:
    18. www.jta.org/cgi-bin/iowa/news/article/Serbiancemeterybei.html (accessed August 2007)
    19. Gruber, Ruth Ellen. 'Baffling painting in Serbian shul', Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 6 September, 2004. (2007)
    20. Gruber, Ruth Ellen. Jewish Heritage Travel: A Guide to Eastern Europe (new edition), New York: National Geographic, 2007.
    21. History of the Jews of Serbia and Montenegro
    22. International Survey of Jewish Monuments. 'ISJM-backed conservation team assesses condition of endangered Subotica synagogue', Jewish Heritage Report II, 2000 nos 3-4. (2007)
    23. Jewish Historical Museum, Belgrade, Scientific Meeting, Menoroth from Čelarevo [Shorthand notes]. Belgrade: Federation of Jewish Communities of Yugoslavia, 1983
    24. Jewish Historical Museum (2007)
    25. Jews in Yugoslavia (exhibition catalogue), Zagreb: Muzejski Prostor 1989.
    26. Kosmajska Temple (2007)
    27. Krinsky, Carol Herselle. Synagogues of Europe, Boston: The Architectural History Foundation and the MIT Press, 1985.
    28. Krosnar, Katka. "In Belgrade, man wants memorial to a 'forgotten concentration camp'",
    29. Jewish Telegraphic Agency (27 March, 2003; accessed 5 September 2007)
    30. Loker, Zvi, ed., Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities/Pinkas Hakehilot, Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, 1988
    31. Mihailovic, Milica. 'The Jewish Historical Museum, Belgrade'. European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe, 2003, 36.2, 62-73.
    32. Niš synagogue
    33. Roman, Andras. Report on the Present State of the Synagogue in Subotica. Budapest, files of International Survey of Jewish Monuments, 1999
    34. Sosberger, Pavle. Sinagoge u Vojvodini, Novi Sad: Prometej, 1998
    35. Tomasevic, Nebojsa. Treasures of Yugoslavia: An Encyclopedic Touring Guide, Belgrade: Yugoslaviapublic, 1980.
    36. Topovske Šupe Holocaust Memorial: (2007)
    37. Wood, Nicholas. 'Serbian Gypsies and Jews in dispute over cemetery', New York Times, 22 August 2004.  (2006)
    38. Zemun Jewish community (2007)
    39. Zuroff, Efraim. 'Message from Novi Sad to Tzipi Livni', Jerusalem Post, 30 January 2007. Online (2007)


     

    Bosnia and Herzegovina Burial Sites:  27


    BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA
    Listings by location are found below THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY


    26 Jewish cemeteries were identified in this country as of 1999 by Srdjan Matic, MD, New York, NY 10025.

    Heritage Films information. [January 2001]

    Jewish Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina: [January 2009]Hamdije Kresevljakovica 83

    71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina

    +387 71 663 472

    +387 71 663 473
    This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

    This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., secretary general of the Jewish community in Doboj, North Bosnia and Herzgegovina, seeks help to coordinate a project, together with Lea Maestro from Jewish community in Sarajevo, for preservation of Jewish cemeteries in Bosnia. There are around 44 cemeteries according to Ivica Čeresnjes, Jewish researcher.[July 2010]

    [January 2009] Administrative Divisions: two first-order administrative divisions currently approved by the US Government are

    1. Muslim/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosnia i Herzegovina). The Muslim/Croat Federation is comprised of 10 cantons: Goradzde (5), Livno (10), Middle Bosnia (6), Neretva (7), Posavina (2), Sarajevo (9), Tuzla Podrinje (3), Una Sana (1), West Herzegovina (8), and Zenica Doboj (4).
    2. Republika Srpska.

    Bosnia and Herzegovina: Reference - Country Guide, E-mail and Business Page Directories [January 2009]

    Maps: http://slavophilia.net/ and http://www.cco.caltech.edu/~bosnia/bosnia.html and Maps of Bosnia

    JewishGen's ShtetlSeeker references border changes to locate a given town.

    Bosnia and Herzegovina Search Engines: [January 2009]

    "One of the republics in central Yugoslavia with the largest Muslim population (750,000). There is no evidence of the existence of a Jewish community in Bosnia before the expulsion of the Jews from Spain. Tombstone inscriptions prove the existence of Jews in Sarajevo in 1551. A special quarter was allocated to them later in the 16th century and they lived there until the conquest of the town by the Austrians in 1878. During the rule of Daudji Pasha, who was appointed in 1635, the relations between Turkey and Venice became strained. This had an adverse effect on the commerce of the local Jews. During the siege of Ofen in 1686 many Jews fled to Sarajevo, including Zevi Hirsch Ashkenazi (Hakham Zevi), who was appointed hakham there. A change for the worse in the situation of the Jews of Sarajevo occurred in 1833. In was only after payment of a heavy ransom that the Jews were saved from the danger of riots and blood libel. The laws of 1839, 1856, and 1876, which granted the Jews of Turkey equality of rights with the other citizens, also applied to the Jews of Bosnia. From then onward, some Jews were elected to the Ottoman parliament in Constantinople and the municipal councils. In 1876 Yaver Effendi Barukh was sent to the parliament as the representative of Bosnia. Isaac Effendi Shalom was a member of the Majlis Idareh ("Advisory Council to the Vali"). Upon his death, his place was filled by his son Solomon Effendi Shalom, who was also a representative in the parliament. Two Jewish delegates were sent to the Landstag which was opened in 1910. Besides Sarajevo, there were also Jewish communities in the towns of Travnik, Banja Luka, Bijeljina, and others. The following data are available on the number of Jews in Bosnia from the end of the 18th century. There were 1,500 Jews in 1780; 8,213 in 1895; 10,000 (Sephardim) in 1923; 13,701 in 1926; 14,000 in 1941 (together with Herzegovina); and 1,298 in 1958. In addition to the Nazis and the Usta2e who were active in Bosnia in World War II, the former mufti of Jerusalem, Hajj Am Source [February 2009]

    [January 2009]

    Post-Second World War communist Yugoslavia (six federated republics: Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia, and Montenegro under Marshal Josip Broz Tito): Jewish life began to return to the Balkans. With approximately 14,500 out of a pre-war population of 16,000 Serbian Jews killed, from 1948 many of those survivors migrated to Israel. Abandoned and ruined synagogues and cemeteries: Former synagogues gradually weree either demolished or had new uses. Many cemeteries were abandoned with some pillaged and gravestones used for construction. Others became overgrown and almost forgotten.

    The Jewish community (about 6,000 people throughout the former Yugoslavia) was recognised as both an ethnic and a religious community. Communist Yugoslavia was not a part of the Soviet bloc so local Jews were not persecuted or isolated. They further assimilated into society and lost contact with religious life. There was only one rabbi in the country. The Federation of Yugoslav Jewish Communities cared for Jewish cemeteries, synagogues, and other infrastructure where communities no longer exist. Some cemeteries were moved. Some were maintained. The Jewish community also erected close to thirty memorials within former Yugoslavia to commemorate Jews  lost during the war. Throughout the 1980s, wide-ranging programs run by the Federation and individual Jewish communities were helped by international Jewish philanthropy.

    This began with the secession of Slovenia, and then of Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, in 1991. A series of bloody Balkan wars tore apart the country, left hundreds of thousands of dead and millions displaced, and destroyed thousands of religious, cultural and historic heritage sites. The state's collapse made the the continuation of Jewish institutions particularly difficult, even without the trauma of war and the Jewish emigration that resulted. Gradually the small Jewish communities of the former Yugoslavia have recreated themselves as more locally-based organisations, gradually rebuilt earlier connections, and expanded their association with Jewish communities and institutions in Israel and throughout Europe.

    YUGOSLAVIA REFERENCES:

    1. Aladjic, Viktorija. 'Detailed chronology of restoration work on the Subotica synagogue 1974-2000', 'Save Our Subotica Synagogue' website, 2004. Online at:
    2. www.sos-sinagoga.org.yu/en/synagogue/restoration74_00.htm (2007)
    3. American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. 'In historical inter-ethnic co-operation, Roma clean Jewish cemetery in Serbia.' (accessed 10 August 2007)
    4. Anastasijevic, Dejan. 'The Synagogue in Zemun: Synagogue, restaurant, shooting Range,' Vreme News Digest Agency 290, 26 April 1997.
    5. www.scc.rutgers.edu/serbian_digest/290/t290-8.htm (2007)
    6. Banjica Concentration Camp museum(2007)
    7. Baumhorn Lipót Epitesz 1860-1932 (exhibition catalogue), Budapest: Jewish Museum of Budapest, 1999
    8. Bunardzic, Radovan. Menore iz Čelareva/Menoroth from Čelarevo, Belgrade: Federation of Jewish Communities in Yugoslavia, 1980
    9. Bilten. (Monthly newsletter of the Federation of Jewish Communities in Yugoslavia) Belgrade
    10. Bunardzhich, Radovan. Menore iz Čelareva. Belgrade: Savez Jevrejskih Opstina Jugoslavije, 1980. Museum exhibition guide for the menorah images from Čelarevo (in Serbian)
    11. Bunardzhich, Radovan. 'Čelarevo - necropolis and settlement of the 8th-9th century'; Xazary: Vtoroi Mezhdunarodnii Kollokvium: Tezisy, Vladimir Iakovlevich Petrukhin and Artyom M. Fedorchuk, eds, Moscow: Tsentr Nauchnyx Rabotnikov i Prepodavatelei Judaiki v Vuzakh 'Sefer', Evreiskii Universitet v Moskve, and Institut Slavyanovedeniya Rossiiskoy Akademii Nauk, 2002, 19-21? [sic]
    12. Čerešnješ, Ivan. Caught in the Winds of War: Jews in the Former Yugoslavia, Institute of the World Jewish Congress, Israel, 1999
    13. Dorcol Holocaust Memorial (2007)
    14. 'The Synagogue of Novi Sad, Serbia'. Database of Jewish Communities, Nahum Goldmann Museum of the Jewish Diaspora. (2006)
    15. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990.
    16. Belgrade holocaust memorial: (accessed May 2006)
    17. Grossman, Grace Cohen. Jewish Museums of the World, Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, Inc., 2003
    18. Gruber, Ruth Ellen. Upon the Doorposts of Thy House: Jewish Life in East-Central Europe, Yesterday and Today, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994.
    19. Gruber, Ruth Ellen. Preliminary Survey of Historic Jewish Sites in Serbia and Montenegro, United States Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad, Washington, 2003.
    20. Gruber, Ruth Ellen. 'Serbian cemetery being renovated, easing tiff between Jews and Gypsies', Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 29 August, 2004. Online at:
    21. JTA news article (accessed August 2007)
    22. Gruber, Ruth Ellen. 'Baffling painting in Serbian shul', Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 6 September, 2004. (2007)
    23. Gruber, Ruth Ellen. Jewish Heritage Travel: A Guide to Eastern Europe (new edition), New York: National Geographic, 2007.
    24. History of the Jews of Serbia and Montenegro:
    25. International Survey of Jewish Monuments. 'ISJM-backed conservation team assesses condition of endangered Subotica synagogue', Jewish Heritage Report II, 2000 nos 3-4. (2007)
    26. Jewish Historical Museum, Belgrade, Scientific Meeting, Menoroth from Čelarevo [Shorthand notes]. Belgrade: Federation of Jewish Communities of Yugoslavia, 1983
    27. Jewish Historical Museum:  (2007)
    28. Jews in Yugoslavia (exhibition catalogue), Zagreb: Muzejski Prostor 1989.
    29. Kosmajska Temple: (2007)
    30. Krinsky, Carol Herselle. Synagogues of Europe, Boston: The Architectural History Foundation and the MIT Press, 1985.
    31. Krosnar, Katka. "In Belgrade, man wants memorial to a 'forgotten concentration camp'",
    32. Jewish Telegraphic Agency (27 March, 2003; accessed 5 September 2007)
    33. Loker, Zvi, ed., Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities/Pinkas Hakehilot, Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, 1988
    34. Mihailovic, Milica. 'The Jewish Historical Museum, Belgrade'. European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe, 2003, 36.2, 62-73.
    35. Niš synagogue: 
    36. Roman, Andras. Report on the Present State of the Synagogue in Subotica. Budapest, files of International Survey of Jewish Monuments, 1999
    37. Sosberger, Pavle. Sinagoge u Vojvodini, Novi Sad: Prometej, 1998
    38. Tomasevic, Nebojsa. Treasures of Yugoslavia: An Encyclopedic Touring Guide, Belgrade: Yugoslaviapublic, 1980.
    39. Topovske Šupe Holocaust Memorial:  (2007)
    40. Wood, Nicholas. 'Serbian Gypsies and Jews in dispute over cemetery', New York Times, 22 August 2004.  (2006)
    41. Zemun Jewish community:  (2007)
    42. Zuroff, Efraim. 'Message from Novi Sad to Tzipi Livni', Jerusalem Post, 30 January 2007. (2007)
    [January 2009] Source of the following: http://www.jewish-heritage-europe.eu/country/bosnia/bosnia.htm#5
    1. United States Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad: Gruber 2002 and Čerešnješ (forthcoming). Ivan Čerešnješ was former president of the Jewish Community of Sarajevo.
    2. Beiser, Vince. ‘A will to survive', The Jerusalem Report, 2 May 1996.
    3. Bosnian Culture Days. Bosniens Juden: Legende-Tradition-Leben, Vienna, October-November, 1996.
    4. Center for Jewish Art, Jerusalem. ‘Bosnia/Herzegovina and Croatia: Documenting Jewish art and architecture', CJA Newsletter, 15, Summer 2000:
      http://cja.huji.ac.il/NL15-yugoslavia.htm (accessed January 2008).

    6. Čerešnješ, Ivan. Caught in the Winds of War: Jews in the Former Yugoslavia. Jerusalem: World Jewish Congress, 1999.
    7. Čerešnješ, Ivan/United States Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad. Jewish Heritage Sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina (forthcoming).
    8. Gotovac, Vedrana. Sinagoge u Bosni i Hercegovnini. Sarajevo: Muzej Grada Sarajeva, 1987.
    9. Gruber, Ruth Ellen.‘Serbs demand their "share" of rare Sarajevo Haggadah', Jewish Telegraph Agency, 24 December 1998.
    10. Gruber, Ruth Ellen. ‘New synagogue project unites Bosnians of different backgrounds', Jewish Telegraph Agency, 25 April 2001.
    11. Gruber, Ruth Ellen. 'Sarajevo Haggadah restored - Next up: putting it up on display', Jewish Telegraph Agency, 9 January, 2002.
    12. Gruber, Ruth Ellen. Jewish Heritage in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Preliminary Report to the United States Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad (2002).
    13. Gruber, Ruth Ellen. ‘Priceless 14th-century Haggadah on permanent display in Sarajevo', Jewish Telegraph Agency, 3 December 2002.
    14. Gruber, Ruth Ellen. ‘After 60 years, prayer returns to historic Sarajevo synagogue', Jewish Telegraph Agency, 27 September 2004.
    15. Gruber, Ruth Ellen. ‘Illuminated Sarajevo Haggadah is being reproduced for Passover', Jewish Telegraph Agency, 3 April 2006.
    16. Gruber, Ruth Ellen. Jewish Heritage Travel: A guide to Eastern Europe. New York: National Geographic, 2007
    17. Gruber, Samuel D. ‘US Commission urges Sarajevo cemetery restoration,' Jewish Heritage Report II, 3-4, 1998-9: www.isjm.org/Links/Sarajevo.htm
    18. Hecht, Esther. Hadassah Magazine, October 2007 (accessed January 2008)
    19. Herscher, Andrew. ‘Remembering and rebuilding in Bosnia', Transitions: Changes in Post-Communist Societies, 5:3, March 1998, 76-81.
    20. Jews in Yugoslavia (exhibition catalogue), Zagreb: Muzejski Prostor, 1989.
    21. Krinsky, Carol Herselle. Synagogues of Europe. Boston: The Architectural History Foundation and the MIT Press, 1985.
    22. Mooney, Bel. ‘Saviours scorned', The Times, London, 30 November 1996.
    23. National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina: (accessed 10 December 2007
    24. Schwartz, Stephen. ‘The Rabbi of Stolac', 1999
    25. Schwartz, Stephen. ‘Jewish Stolac: Sephardic Judaism, Balkan Islam, and tomb visitation in Bosnia-Hercegovina: Remarks-in-progress on Rav Danon and the Stolac tomb', 10 November 2002:
    26. Serotta, Edward. Survival in Sarajevo: How a Jewish community came to the aid of its city, Vienna: Brandstätter, 1994.
    27. Tomasevic, Nebojsa. Treasures of Yugoslavia: An encyclopedic touring guide. Belgrade: Yugoslaviapublic, 1980.
    28. Werber, Eugen. The Sarajevo Haggadah. Sarajevo: Proveta-Svjetlost, 1983.

    THE CEMETERIES

    Ukraine Burial Sites:  2563

    LOCALITIES ARE LISTED BELOW GENERAL INFORMATION

     

    - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY -

    Map of Ukraine [February 2009]

    Russian Jews.  Film 1.  Before the Revolution / English titles [December 2018]

    Medieval Ukrainian lands were a loosely knit group of principalities. By the late 1300s, most Ukrainian lands were controlled by either the Grand Duchy of Lithuania or the Mongolian-Tatar Golden Horde. In 1569, the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania became the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Poland controlled Western Ukrainian lands while eastern Ukrainian was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. In 1772, Russia, Prussia, and Austria partitioned the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at which time several Ukrainian areas became part of Galicia, a province of Austria. By 1795, Austria controlled western Ukraine and Russia controlled eastern Ukraine. During the 1930s, all of western Ukraine was governed by either Poland and/or Czechoslovakia. By the end of WWI, Ukrainian territory was divided into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR), Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Romania. In 1939 the Jewish population of Ukraine was 1.5 million (1,532,776) or 3% of the total population of Ukraine. One half to two thirds of the total Jewish population of Ukraine were evacuated, killed or exiled to Siberia. Ukraine lost more population per capita than any other country in the world in WW II. After WWII, the borders of the Ukrainian SSR expanded west, including those Ukrainian areas of Galicia. At the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Ukraine became an independent state. JewishGen's ShtetlSeeker references border changes of a given town with more information at JewishGen ShtetLinks for Ukrainian towns. [February 2009]

    Ukraine SIG facilitates research of former Russian Empire Guberniyas now in Ukraine; Podolia, Volhynia, Kiev, Poltava, Chernigov, Kharkov, Kherson, Taurida and Yekaterinoslav. [February 2009]

    Wikipedia article: "History of the Jews of Ukraine" and The Virtual Jewish History Library- Ukraine [February 2009]

    DONOR OF REPORTS: US Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad, 1101 Fifteenth Street, Suite 1040, Washington, DC 20005. Telephone 202-254-3824. Executive Director: Joel Barries. US Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad supplied most Ukraine information. The data is alphabetical by the name of the town. The Ukrainian government has ordered an immediate and absolute moratorium on all construction or privatization of sites that have been identified as Jewish cemeteries either now or in the past. A Joint Cultural Heritage Commission to develop and agree on a comprehensive solution to preserve and protect Jewish cemeteries. Over 1000 individual sites have been described, which is estimated to be about one-half of the recoverable sites. Contact This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it for further information and details about the report of the Commission. [Date?]

    Historical Research Center for Western Ukrainian communities in all countries: "ZIKARON"

    Ukraine Jewish community.

    Jewish Cemeteries in Ukraine Report, Winter 1997-98

    Ukraine's sovereignty passed between Poland, Russia and other nations. One Crimean tribe converted to Judaism in the eighth century. The first shtetls were built by Jews working for Polish aristocrats (18th century),  The Germans murderedSome 1500 Jewish heritage sites published by the United States Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad (2005)

    Western Ukraine, Only a small remnant of its former Jewish population remains with L'viv and Chernivtsi each with about 6,000 Jews.  The majority of Jews in present-day Ukraine are native Russian/Ukrainian speakers, and only some of the elderly speak Yiddish as their mother tongue (in 1926, 76.1% claimed Yiddish as their mother tongue). The average age is close to 45. To find where records can be found, right click Archives Database, then Search Database. Activate Soundex and type in your ancestral town names.

    Jewish Agricultural Colonies in the Ukraine: Chaim Freedman links to other interesting sites

    Ukrainian Language, Culture and Travel with  photos of synagogues and memorials along with articles about Jewish culture 

    BOOKS ABOUT UKRAINE:

    • Yizkor Books:
    1. Chelm, M. Bakalczuk-Felin, 1954, in Yiddish.
    2. Dnepropetrovsk-Yekaterinoslav, Harkavy and Goldburt, 1973, in Hebrew.
    3. Pinkas Hakehillot Poland, Volumes I-VII.
    • Frank, Ben G. A Travel Guide to Jewish Russia & Ukraine. Paperback (October 1999) Pelican Pub Co; ISBN: 1565543556
    • Gitelman, Zvi. Chapter The Jews of Ukraine and Moldova" published in Miriam Weiner's Jewish Roots in Ukraine
      and Moldova       (see below) online.
    • Goberman, D. Jewish Tombstones in Ukraine and Moldova. Image Press, 1993. ISBN 5-86044-019-7) shows many interesting styles.
    • Greenberg, M. Graves of Tsadikim Justs in Russia. Jerusalem, 1989. 97 pages, illustrated, Hebrew and English. S2 89A4924. Notes: Rabbis tombstone restoration, no index, arranged by non-alphabetical town names.
    • Gruber, Ruth Ellen. Jewish Heritage Travel: A Guide to Eastern Europe, Washington: National Geographic, 2007
    • Ostrovskaya, Rita (Photographer), Southard, John S. and Eskildsen, Ute (Editor). Jews in the Ukraine: 1989-1994: Shtetls. Distributed Art Publishers; ISBN: 3893228527
    • Weiner, Miriam. Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova: Pages from the Past and Archival Inventories (The Jewish Genealogy Series). Routes to Roots Foundation/YIVO InstituteYIVO Institute; ISBN: 0965650812. see Routes to Roots Foundation, Inc.
    • BELGIUM: Contact This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it for books among the collection at the Jewish Museum of Belgium.
    • ISRAEL: Tragger, Mathilde. Printed Books on Jewish cemeteries in the Jewish National and University Library in Jerusalem: an annotated bibliography. Jerusalem: The Israel Genealogical Society, 1997.
    • This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., Plano, Texas This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it can answer questions about general structure of tombstones in this country.

    BOOKS ABOUT CRIMEA:

    • Chwolson, D. Corpus inscriptionum hebraicarum (All the Hebrew Inscriptions). Hildesheim, 1974 (1st print: St. Petersburg, 1882). 527 pages, Latin title and German text. SB74B2774. Notes: 194 tombstones, 9th-15th centuries, based on Firkowiz's book scripture analysis.
    • Chwolson, D. Achtzehn hebraische Grabschiften aus der Krim (Eighteen Hebrew grave inscriptions in Crimea).. St. Petersburg, 1985 in "Memories de L'Academie Imperial de St. Petersburg", 7Šme, series, volume IX, no. 7, III XVIII, 528 pages, illustrated. [translation] of the author's Russian book s29V5256]. German text and Hebrew inscriptions. PV255, series 7, book 9, no.7. Notes: 18 tombstones, 6-960, scripture analysis based on Firkowiz's book.
    • Firkowiz, A. Y. Avnei zikaron behatsi ha'i krim, besela hayehudim bemangup, besulkat ubekapa (Jewish memorial stones in Crimea and in [the Caucasian towns of Mangup, Sulkat and Kapa [Theodesia). Vilnius, 1872. 256 pages, illustrated, Hebrew. 29V4818. Notes: 564 tombstones, 3-1842.
    • Harkavy, A.L. Alte juedusche Denmaeler aus der krim (The old Jewish monuments in Crimea),. St. Petersburg, 1876, X, 288 pages. German and Hebrew inscriptions. PV255, VII, 24/1. Notes: 261 inscriptions, 604-916?, scripture analysis based on Firkowiz's book.

    [UPDATE] Ukraine-Israel Community Information/Pictures of Cemteries and more [October 2017]

      Click the words "Burial Location" below to sort the page names alphabetically.

      The names will be sorted from Z to A.  Click a second time to see them listed from A to Z.   Our apologies for the unsorted condition of this list.  We hope to have the list appear in A to Z sort very soon.

      --IAJGS Jewish Cemetery Project Technical Staff.

    Slovakia Burial Sites:  508

    SLOVAKIA
    (also known as the     SLOVAK REPUBLIC)

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY
     

    Jews of Slovakia website. [October 2000] JewishGen

    Bohemia and Moravia SIG website [August 2000]

    Synagogues Without Jews [February 2009]

    Also see Czechoslovakia for general information (general section) and books that deal with both the Chechia/Czech Republic and Slovakia./Slovak Republic

    Lanyi Menyhert-Propperne Bekefi Hermin, Szlovenszkoi zsido hitkozsegei tortenete (History of the Jewish Communities of Slovakia). Kassa, 1933. (In Hungarian)

    Historically part of Hungary and then Czechoslovakia, Slovakia's Jewish history reflects the story of these two states, but unlike the rest of Hungary, Slovakia remained under Habsburg rule after the Ottoman invasions of the sixteenth century. Large Jewish inward migrations followed. With increasing emancipation, he Jewish Enlightenment took place. Jews formed perhaps 4% of the population by the Second World War. Ensuing genocide killed the overwhelming majority of those Jews who had not fled. Although religious freedoms have been encouraged since the end of the Communist era, only about 3,000 Jews live in the country today. Dr Maroš Borský of Bratislava inventoried existing and demolished synagogues in Slovakia (100+ synagogues and prayer halls and almost 700 cemeteries). (the latter are still being identified and documented).See Dr Borský's detailed website entitled Synagoga Slovaca. Only about half-a-dozen places of worship are still active. Most cemeteries are abandoned or neglected.
    This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. can be contacted at Slovak Jewish Heritage Center, Kozia 18, 814 47 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.  This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it [January 2009]

    Central Union of Jewish Religious Communities in Slovakia: [January 2009]
    Ul Kozia 21
    Bratislava
    Slovak Republic
    +421-2/5441-2167
    This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

    Petr Ehl, Letohradska 18, Praha 7375661 surveyed almost all the cemeteries for The US Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad [1101 Fifteenth Street, Suite 1040, Washington, D.C 20005]. The World Monuments Fund survey for the United States Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad] identified 1008 Jewish cemeteries within the territory of present day Poland. His name is not listed at each entry. Other sources, however, are noted. Surveys were filled out in 1992 after visits during the years of 1988 through 1992. Conditions may have changed in the interim. Petr Ehl calls serious vegetation problems 'waste dumping' which Joel Barries, Executive Director of the Commission, notes is not at all uncommon for cemeteries, especially those that might have been used by Hungarian Jews. However, Ehl may have meant abandoned. Unless indicated to the contrary, none of the cemeteries in Slovakia receive care or maintenance or there are no mass gravesites. The province is underlined in each entry and frequently corresponds to the nearest town listed.

    "Leaders of Slovakias' Jewish community are calling for a nationwide crackdown on attacks against the country's Jewish cemeteries. The campaign follows an attack in which five recently-restored rare tombstons at the Jewish cemetery in Zvolen were destroyed and six other were seriously damaged. There were also two similar incidents in other Slovak towns, in which 60 gravestones were damaged." Source: Dateline World Jewry [September 2001].

    Quote. Also see Jewish Community of Czech Republic [February 2009]:

    "According to the 1930 census, 135,918 Jews (4.5% of the total population) lived in Slovakia. The plight of Slovak Jewry actually began with the establishment of autonomous Slovakia (Oct. 6, 1938), when the one-party totalitarian system of the clerical Slovak People's Party of Hlinka (HSL'S-Hlinkova Slovenske L'udove Strana) came to power. On March 14, 1939, Hitler made an independent state by causing the breakup of Czechoslovakia. A few days later Slovak leaders and the German Foreign Minister, von Ribbentrop, signed the Treaty of Protection (Schutzvertrag), thus making Slovakia in effect a satellite of Germany. In the first months of Slovakia's "independence" anti-Jewish restrictions were sporadically introduced; however, fundamental changes in anti-Jewish policy occurred only after the Salzburg Conference (July 28, 1940), attended by Hitler, the Slovak leaders (Father Josef Tiso, Vojtech Tuka, Sa-o Mach) and the leader of the local German minority, the so-called Karpaten-Deutsche, Franz Karmasin. At this conference the Slovaks agreed to set up a national-socialist regime in their country.

    At the end of August 1940, Dieter Wisliceny, Eichmann's emissary, arrived in Slovakia to act as "adviser for Jewish affairs," and with him came a score of advisers to assist the Slovak ministries. The Slovaks set up two institutes with the objective of "solving the Jewish problem": Central Office for Economy whose task was to oust the Jews from economic and social life and "aryanize" Jewish property; the second was Center of Jews. The Slovak equivalent of the Judenrat, was headed by the starosta ("Jewish Elder"), Heinrich Schwartz, chairman of the Orthodox-Jewish community. When Schwartz was arrested for non-cooperation, a more obedient starosta was appointed by the authorities in April 1941. The "aryanization" process was carried out within one year: 10,025 Jewish enterprises and businesses were liquidated and 2,223 transferred to "Aryan" ownership. In order to solve the problem of employment of Jews, who were removed from economic life, the Slovak authorities ordered the erection of a number of labor centers and three large labor camps: Sered, Vyhne, and Novsky. In the fall of 1941, in an effort to clear the capital of Jews, a special ministerial order issued by Mach removed a greater part of the Bratislava Jews; some were sent to the labor camps and others to the towns of Trnava, Nitra, and to the region of Aari-Zemplen in eastern Slovakia, where the majority of Slovak Jewry lived. Concurrently, during a visit to Hitler's headquarters, Tuka requested the assistance of the Reich in the removal of the Jews from Slovakia. At the beginning of February 1942, the German Foreign Ministry formally requested the Slovak government to furnish 20,000 "strong and able-bodied Jews." It was decided that the first transports would be composed of young men and women aged 16-35. However, on the suggestion of the Slovaks that in the "spirit of Christianity" families should not be separated, Eichmann gave his consent to deport families together. The Slovaks had to pay 500 Reichmarks "as charges for vocational training" for every deported Jew, receiving in return a guarantee that the Jews would not come back to Slovakia and that no further claims would be laid to their property. The organization of transports was performed by the Ministry of Interior, Department 14, headed by Gejsa Kanka and afterward by Anton Valek, in collaboration with the Hlinka Guard and the Freiwillige Schutzstaffel (Voluntary Defense Squad of local Germans). The Jewish leadership, alarmed by rumors of the impending deportations, launched two appeals in the name of the Jewish communities (March 5, 1942) and in the name of the rabbis of Slovakia (March 6, 1942) warning the authorities that "the deportations mean physical extermination." On March 14, 1942, the Vatican sent a note of protest, and a few days later an oral warning was communicated on the direct instruction of Pope Pius XII by Slovakia's ambassador to Rome, Karol Sidor.

    Between March 26 and October 20, 1942, about 60,000 Jews were deported to Auschwitz and to the Lublin area to be killed. By the end of April the earliest evidence on the fate of deportees was received in Bratislava, when the first escapees from General Gouvernment of Poland arrived. Their eye-witness accounts were immediately forwarded to Jewish organizations in the free world. Thousands of Jews found refuge in neighboring Hungary (in 1944 some of them returned to Slovakia when the Hungarian Jewish community was in peril). Others sought protection through conversion to Christianity. From the end of July to the middle of September the transports were suspended due to various technical difficulties and perhaps also to intercessions, mainly from religious circles.

    During the interim, the underground "Working Group" (Pracovne Skupina) arose on the initiative of Rabbi Michael Dov Weissmandel with the objective of saving the remaining Jews of Slovakia. Led by Gisi Fleischmann, the Group was composed of Zionists, assimilated Jews, and rabbis. The Jewish underground succeeded in temporarily diverting the peril of deportation in the spring of 1943 as a result of negotiations with Wisliceny and bribes to Slovak leaders. Another achievement in 1943 was the rescue of fugitives from the ghettos of Poland, who were smuggled through Slovakia to Hungary with the help of the Ha-Halutz underground. By that time about 25,000 Jews were left in Slovakia, some of them "submerged," so that only part of them were officially registered, mostly "economically vital" Jews who were granted "certificates of exemption." About 3-4,000 persons were engaged in productive work in the Slovak labor camps, and others lived on false "Aryan" papers or in hiding. On April 21, 1944, the first two escapees from Auschwitz reached Slovakia after a miraculous flight. Their account of the annihilation process was sent on to the head of the Orthodox Jewish community in Budapest, Rabbi Von Freudiger, to alert the world and forwarded through Switzerland to Jewish organizations in the free world with an appeal by Rabbi Weissmandel demanding the immediate bombing of the murder installations in Auschwitz. The Allies rejected the appeal.

    In the fall of 1944, during the Slovak national uprising, four parachutists from Erez Israel reached Slovakia to extend help to the Jewish remnant and to organize resistance. The Einsatzgruppen killed thousands of Jews during the Slovak revolt, and after its suppression (Oct. 28, 1944), about 13,500 of the remaining Jews of Slovakia were deported to concentration camps (including Auschwitz, Sachsenhausen, and Theresienstadt), under the pretext of reprisal for their participation in the revolt (October 1944-March 1945). On the eve of the liberation (April 30, 1945), there remained about 4,000-5,000 Jews in Slovakia hiding with non-Jews or living clandestinely with "Aryan" papers. The losses of Slovak Jewry amount to over 100,000, including the Jews deported in the spring of 1944 from the territory annexed to Hungary. Only about 25,000 persons of the prewar community survived the Holocaust and the majority of them left Slovakia after the war, most of them for Israel." [Livia Rothkirchen]

    Since 2004, Madeleine Isenberg and Mikulas (“Miki”) Liptak (an Evangelical Christian who lives in Kezmarok, Slovakia) have collaborated on cemetery and vital record research for towns in the
    Spiš region of Slovakia. As a resident of that area, Miki has traveled and photographed tombstones in about 20 cemeteries as digital images.  They have compiled spreadsheets containing names, dates, etc. on the tombstones, as well as compiled information from birth, marriage, and death registries. Miki taught himself English to communicate electronically. He acts as a guide to take people to the cemeteries and to locate the tombstones of relatives, famous rabbis, etc. His This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Source: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. [July 2009]

    REFERENCES:

    • Barkany, Eugen. Zvidovske Nabozenske Obce Na Slovenska. ISBN 80-85128-56-X
    • Barkany, Eugen. Die juedischen Friedhoefe in der Slowakei; [Jewish Cemeteries in Slovakia] as of 1966, published by Frank Komjati [Vienna] with some of his additions, in Zeitscrift fuer Geschichte der Juden: [see the following book]
    • Barkany, Eugen. Zeitschrift fuer Geschichte der Juden, Vol. X, Tel Aviv: _____ 1973. English summary by George Arnstein [Washington, DC]: Since 1945, I have visited more than 160 of the almost 700 cemeteries in Slovakia and witnessed their decline and deliberate destruction by Nazis and Slovak fascist helpers. Most cemeteries are outside the towns. Others are centrally located. Nearly all had a stone wall. Some were directly next to a forest. Others on steep slopes. The arrangement usually is by rows with the head of the dead toward the East. Men and women sometimes were segregated, even married couples. Kohanim usually were in the front rows near the entrance. Children's tombs were separate. Suicides usually separate next to the wall. Inscriptions typically were in Hebrew, later in German, Hungarian and Slovak most recently. Exhumations were not allowed. Some burials were in layers on top of each other. Source: George E. Arnstein : This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it
      L'udovit Doj¸ 1991. Publisher?: Vydava Lel'stvo; VESNA Bratislava
    • Bárkány, Eugen-Dojč. L'udovít: Židovské náboženské obce na Slovensku, Bratislava, 1991
    • Borský, Maroš. Synagogue Architecture in Slovakia: A Memorial Landscape of a Lost Community,  Bratislava: Jewish Heritage Foundation - Menorah, 2007
    • Dorfman, Rivka and Ben-Zion. Synagogues Without Jews and the communities that built and used them, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2000
    • Gruber, Ruth Ellen. Jewish Heritage Travel: A Guide to Eastern Europe, Washington: National Geographic, 2007
    • Lanyi Menyhert-Propperne Bekefi Hermin, Szlovenszkoi zsido hitkozsegei tortenete (History of the Jewish Communities of Slovakia). Kassa, 1933. (In Hungarian)
    • Majtan, Milan. Nazvy obci slovenskej republiky ---1773-1997. The Slovak Academy in Bratislava, 1998. The book is a compendium of alphabetized names of Slovak towns between 1773 and 1997. Source: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., Chapel Hill, NC
    • [UPDATE] Tracing Jewish Heritage Along the Danube [March 2015]

    Russia Burial Sites:  49

    RUSSIA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    Jewish Genealogical Society of the Former Soviet Union in Moscow
    9, Mokhovaya Street #329
    c/o Jewish University in Moscow, Moscow RUSSIA
    Telephone: 7-095-203-3441
    Vladimir J. Paley, President
    16-25, Klinskaya Street, Moscow 125475, RUSSIA
    Telephone: 7-095-451-3382
    E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it
    Web: http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Estates/6121

    Jewish Community of Russia
    Judaic community of St.Petersburg

    Russian Jews.  Film 1.  Before the Revolution/English titles [December 2018]

    References:

    • Graves of Tsadikim Justs? [in Russian] by M. Greenberg. Jerusalem, 1989. 97 pages, illustrated, Hebrew and English. S2 89A4924. Notes: Rabbis tombstone restoration, no index, arranged by non-alphabetical town names. See: Tragger, Mathilde. Printed Books on Jewish cemeteries in the Jewish National and University Library in Jerusalem: an Annotated Bibliography. Jerusalem: The Israel Genealogical Society, 1997.
    • Caucasian Benevolent Society (New York, N.Y.) Records, 1924-1974. Description: .7 linear ft. Notes: Landsmanshaft organized in 1924 by Jewish immigrants from Caucasus, Soviet Union. … correspondence related to burial and cemetery matters; ...YIVO collections are in Yiddish, Russian, Polish, English, Hebrew, and other European and non-European languages. Location: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York, NY. Control No.: NXYH89-A771

    Romania Burial Sites:  1219

    ROMANIA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    (Please scroll down to see locations listed alphabetically)

    Towns formerly in Romania or Bessarabia may be found in Moldova, Hungary, or Ukraine
    Please be cautious about researchers who may contact you and offer their services.

    Sephardic Studies [September 2002]:

    Before WWII, 20,000 Jewish families lived in all of Romania. The survivors were "bought" by Israel from the Communists based onto their intellectuality and university degrees. Today's Romanian Jewish popuation of about 9,000 persons in the entire country is very elderly. The political and socio-economical situation in Romania continues to erode Jewish contribution to Romanian culture and commerce. [February 2002]

    Sephardic Cemetery: The few remaining Sephardim in Romania were assimilated by Askenazim. Only the Sephardic cemetery in Bucharest remains as proof of their former presence. [February 2002]

    The US Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad began to survey Jewish monuments in Romania. Contact: Samuel Gruber, 123 Clarke St., Syracuse, NY 13210. All cemetery descriptions that follow with a "RO-CE" and a number are from the Survey of Historic Jewish Sites and Monuments in Romania sponsored by the U.S. Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad.

    Photo appendix to article by Samuel Gruber [September 2016]

    GENERAL ROMANIA INFORMATION USEFUL FOR JEWISH RESEARCH:

    REFERENCES:

    1. BOOK: Jewish Graveyards in the Custody of the Mosaic Community of Cluj Napoca by Micea Moldovan, sent by Ladislau Gymant. : "At the end of 1987, there were 675 identified graveyards, 459 of which were in Transylvania. Many were closed because there were no more Jews left. In the Transylvanian counties of Bihor, there were 59 cemeteries, Bistrita-Nasaud-52, Cluj-40, Maramures over 80, Satu-Mare-over 100, and Sãlaj-28. Rich and Poor were buried side by side, but rabbis were arranged in separate rows. Chevra Kadishas generally were set up when the community began; therefore often are older than the synagogue. The tombstones had definite heights, but their width could differ according to social rank and fortune. One-third of the early stones were made of earth, 2/3 were carved and were lower. Later ones were over six to eight feet tall. The article describes the type and artistic designs of the stones. Detail about the cemeteries in the Cluj-Napoca area are given." [See Cluj-Napoca]. Source: Ladislau Gyemant, str. Tarmta, B1B5 Shttp://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=relCIII op.28, 3400 Chj-Nepocie, Moldavia, Transylvania; e-mail: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it
    2. BOOK: Saros Laszlo and Vali Dezso. Tanu ez a kohalom ; (This Cairn is Witness Today). ISBN 963 7476 172. A very interesting book of Jewish Cemetery Photographs published in Hungary in 1993, 149 pages of black and white photos and 8 (English) pages of text with general information. The sections are: Introduction, Cemetery in Ancient Times, Old Tombstones, Cemetery and History, The Tombs of the Ancestors, Tent and Parchment, People and Flower, Rituals of Death, Epitaphs, Signs and Symbols Source: '; and see http://jgsr.net
    3. BOOK: Citations for Maramures County 1850 census and historical information: Recensamântul Din 1880 Transilvania : Studia Censualia Transsivanica Universitatea "Babes-Bolyai" Cluj-Napoca Catedra si Laboratorul de Sociologie. Traian Rotariu, coordinator; Maria Semeniuc; Cornelia Muresan, information. 1997, UBB Catedra de Sociologie. Editura Staff, 1997.
    4. BOOK: Sursa datelor statistice: A Magyar Korona országaiban az 1881 . Év elején végrehajtott népszámlálás fobb eredményei megyék és községek szerint részletezve, II kötet, Budapesta, 1882. ISBN 973-9679641. (Programul de cercetare si editarea volumului au fost finantate de ministerul educatiei nationale si fundatia Soros)
    5. BOOK: Recensamântul Din 1850 Transilvania : Studia Censualia Transsivanica Universitatea "Babes-Bolyai" Cluj-Napoca Catedra si Laboratorul de Sociologie. Traian Rotariu, coordonator; Ion Bolovan, consultant; Mezei Elemér, tehnoredactare. 1997, UBB Catedra de Sociologie. Sursa datelor statistice: Az 1850. Évi erdélyi népszámlálás. Köponti statisztikai hivatal levéltára, Budapest, 1983. ISBN 973-96796-8. (Programul de cercetare si editarea volumului au fost finantate de ministerul educatiei nationale si fundatia Soros)
    6. Mircea-Sergiu Moldovan, PhD. (Professor and architect, str. Parîng, nr. 1, bl. A4, ap. 12, 3400 Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Ph.: 40-64-161261) prepared many of the survey forms. Dates are listed by the individual cemeteries. Documentation used to completed the surveys include:
    7. BOOK: Otto Mittelstrass, Historisch-Landeskundlicher Atlas von Siebenbürgen. Ortsnamenbuch, Heidelberg, 1992; Recens m ntul din 1850.
    8. BOOK: Transylvania (The Census of 1850. Transylvania), Bucure ti, 1996; Recens m ntul din 1857
    9. BOOK: Transilvania (The Census of 1857. Transylvania), Bucure ti, 1997
    10. BOOK: Recens m ntul din 1880. Transilvania (The Census of 1880. Transylvania), Bucure ti, 1998; Recens m ntul general al popula iei Rom niei din 29 decembrie 1930 ( The general Census of the population of Romania December 29, 1930),I-III, Bucure ti, 1938
    11. BOOK: Ujvari Peter, Magyar-Zsido Lexikon (Hungarian-Jewish Lexikon), Budapest, 1929
    12. BOOK: Moshe Carmilly-Weinberger, Istoria evreilor din Transilvania (1623-1944) (History of the Jews of Transylvania-1623-1944), Bucure ti, 1994. Professor Moldovan recorded the tombstones of the various cemeteries on VHS videotape.      BOOK: Gruber, Ruth Ellen. Jewish Heritage Travel: A Guide to East-Central Europe . New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1992. See abandoned sites; main Jewish communities indicated with an asterisk (*) (pps 201-202); excerpts were compiled by Elaine B. Kolinsky (pages 192-223).
    13. BOOK: Jewish Cemeteries of Bucovina. Publisher: Noi Media Print (Bucharest). 2009. ISBN: 978-973-1805-50-4. Rom, Ukr, Eng, French, Ger. 111 pages. To order, contact the author/photographer: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. [July 2009]
    14. BOOK: "Like Pebbles on a Shore and http://www.simongeissbuhler.ch/publikationen/Yiddish_er_Velt_1.pdf [February 2011]

    15. Ancel, Jean. Bibliography of the Jews in Romania, compiled by Jean Ancel and Victor Eskenasy ([Tel Aviv]: Goldstein-Goren Centre for the History of the Jews in Romania, Diaspora Research Institute, Tel Aviv University, 1991)

    16. Bar-Avi, Israel. Esseuri (Jerusalim: Cenaclul Literar "Menora", 1967-1972)

    17. Bar-Avi, Israel. O istorie a evreilor romani (Jerusalim: Cenaclul Literar "Menora", 1961-1971)

    18. Bar-Avi, Israel. Oameni si fapte (cu privire la specific), prezentare: Mitu Grosu, portret: I. Rosintal (Jerusalim: Cenaclul Literar "Menora," 1965)

    19. Butnaru, I. C. The silent Holocaust: Romania and its Jews, foreword by Elie Wiesel (New York; London: Greenwood Press, 1992)

    20. Buzatu, Gh. Asa a inceput holocaustulimpotriva poporului Roman (Bucuresti: Editura Majadahonda, 1995)

    21. Caiet pentru literatura si istoriografie Cenaclul Literar "Menora" (Jerusalim: Cenaclul literar "Menora", 1965-1973)

    22. Carmilly-Weinberger, Moshe. Istoria evreilor din Transilvania (1623-1944) (Bucuresti: Editura Enciclopedica, 1994)

    23. Carp, Matatias. Holocaust in Rumania: facts and documents on the annihilation of Rumania's Jews, 1940-44 [translated by Sean Murphy] (Budapest: Primor Publishing, 1994)

    24. Cohn, Filip. Baricada: roman, etc. (Iafo: Tipografia "Hasefer Hahadas", 1969)

    25. Cohn, Filip. Intalnire: roman, etc. (Iafo: Tipografia "Hasefer Hahadas", [1970])

    26. Colin, Amy D. Paul Celan: holograms of darkness (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, c1991)

    27. Deleanu, Horia. Intalniri memorabile (Bucuresti: Editura Hasefer, 1995)

    28. The destruction of Romanian and Ukrainian Jews during the Antonescu era, edited by Randolph L. Braham (Social Science Monographs) (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997)

    29. Dombrovska, D. Soviet and East European Jewry as reflected in Western periodicals: an annotated bibliography, compiled by D. Dombrovska, edited by B. Pinkus (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, Centre for Documentation of East European Jewry, Society for Research on Jewish Communities, 1972)

    30. Eros, Blanka. Soha nem engedem el a kezed! (Nagyvorad: Literator, 1994)

    31. Evreii din Romania intre anii 1940-1944, alcatuit de Lya Benjamin, coordonator stiintific, Sergiu Stanciu, prefata, Moses Rosen (Bucuresti: Editura Hasefer, 1993-)

    32. Expozitia "50 de ani de la martiriul evreilor din Romania", 1991, Bucharest, Romania. Expozitia "50 de ani de la martiriul evreilor din Romania" Bucuresti, 1-3 iulie 1991 Federatia Comunitatilor Evreiesti din Romania (Bucuresti: Editura Hasefer, 1991)

    33. Fior, J. H. Evreii in Anglia din adanca vechime pana la expulzarea la 1290: schita istorica [reprinted from "Anuarul pentru Israeliti, anul XIV"] (Bucuresti, 1891)

    34. Florentina H., pseud. [i.e. Florentina Herscovici]. Ratacitorul: roman (Iafo: Tipografia "Hasefer Hahadas", 1967)

    35. Fondane, Benjamin. Le voyageur n'a pas fini de voyager, textes et documents reunis et presentes par Patrice Beray et Michel Carassou (Paris: Mediterranee, 1996)

    36. Fried, Hedi. Fragments of a life: the road to Auschwitz, edited and translated from the original Swedish by Michael Meyer (London: Hale, 1990)

      Geschichte der Juden in der Bukowina: ein Sammelwerk, herausgegeben von Hugo Gold (Tel-Aviv: Edition "Olamenu", 1958-[1962])

    37. Gherghely, Eduard. Progressul si Evreii in Romania (Botosiani, 1866)

    38. Halevy, Mayer A. Contributiuni la istoria Evreilor in Romania (Bucuresti, 1933)

    39. Iancu, Carol. Evreii din Romania, 1866-1919: de la exludere la emancipare, traducerea: C. Litman (Bucuresti: Editura EH Hasefer, 1996)

    40. Iancu, Carol. Les juifs en Roumanie, 1919-1938: de l'emancipation a la marginalisation, preface de Pierre Guiral, postface de Gerard Nahon (Paris: Peeters, 1996)

    41. Iancu, Carol. Les juifs en Roumanie, 1866-1919 (Aix-en-Provence: Editions de l'Universite de Provence, 1978)

    42. Ianosi, Ion. Moralitati idei inoportune ([Bucuresti]: Cartea Romaneasca,1995)

    43. Israel Bar-Avi: istoriograf, bio-bibliograf, critic literar, conducatorul cenaclului; volum inchinat jubileului scriitoricesc, 25 ani ca autor de carti (1944-1969) 35 ani in publicistica (1934-1969), colaboreaza: Debora Landman [et al.] (Jerusalim: Cenaclul Literar "Menora", 1969)

    44. Izvoare si marturii referitoare la Evreii din Romania, volum intocmit de Victor Eskenasy, cuvint inainte de Moses Rosen (Bucuresti: Federatia Comunitatilor Evreiesti din Republica Socialista Romania, Centrul de Documentare, 1986-)

    45. Jaffre, Jeffrey. Stepson of a people (Montreal: Admiral Printing, c1968)

    46. Jagendorf, Siegfried. Jagendorf's foundry: memoir of the Romanian Holocaust, 1941-1944, introduction and commentaries by Aron Hirt-Manheimer (New York: HarperCollins, c1991)

    47. Jews and Judaism in East European publications, 1945- 1970, edited by B. Pinkus [Pt. 2:  Rumania: a bibliography, compiled by M. Shohat] (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, Center for Documentation of East European Jewry, 1973)

    48. The Jews of Rumania in modern times (Tel Aviv: Nahum Goldmann Museum of the Jewish Diaspora)

    49. Kara, I. Inscriptii ebraice, Stela Cheptea (Iasi: Academia Romana, Filiala Iasi, Centrul de Istorie si Civilizatie Europeana, 1994)

    50. Kara, I. Obstea evreiasca din-- Podu Iloaiei file din istoria unui "stetl" moldovenesc (Bucuresti: Hasefer, 1990)

    51. Kluback, William. Benjamin Fondane: a poet in exile (New York: P. Lang, c1996)

    52. Kuller, Hary. Presa evreiasca bucuresteana: 1857-1994 (Bucuresti: Editura Hasefer, 1996) [YA.1999.a.6307]

    53. Lazar, Samson. Figuri ale obstei evreesti; proza Poezia rezistentei; versuri [De] Samson Lazar (Lascar Saraga) Volum postum ingrijit si prefatat cu esseul Samson Lazar, omul-opera de Israel Bar-Avi (Jerusalim: Cenaclul Literar "Menora", 1969) [YA.1991.b.6046]

    54. Lecca, Radu. Eu i-am salvat pe evreii din Romania, editie ingrijita, studiu introductiv si note de Alexandru V. Dita cu o prefata de Dan Zamfirescu (Bucuresti: Editura Roza Vanturilor, 1994)

    55. Lentin, Ronit. Night train to mother (Dublin: Attic Press, 1989)

    56. Lingvisti si filologi evrei din Romania, prezentare si antologie de Lucia Wald (Bucuresti: Editura Hasefer, 1996)Lustig, Oliver. Jurnal insingerat: roman (Bucuresti: Editura Militara, 1987)

    57. Manuila, Sabin. Populatia evreiasca din Romania in timpul celui de-al doilea razboi mondial / The Jewish population in Romania during World War II, Sabin Manuila si Wilhelm Filderman, introducere de Larry Watts, editor, Kurt W. Treptow (Iasi: The Romanian Cultural Foundation, 1994)

    58. Marcus, Henry. Din vremuri de urgie amintiri (Jerusalim: Cenaclul Literar "Menora", 1966)

    59. Marius, Mircu. Dosar Ana Pauker, prezenta editie estealcatuita de Mihai Stoian, cu consimtamintul autorului (Bucuresti: Editura "Gutenberg - Casa Cartii", 1991)

    60. Martirilor din fundul marii, 1942-1972, culegere intocmita de Israel Bar-Avi si Iosephine Feinstein (Ierusalim: Cenaclul Literar Menora, 1972)

    61. Martiriul evreilor din Romania: 1940-1944: documente si marturii, cuvint inainte, Moses Rosen [volum intocmit de J. Alexandru ... et al.; S. Stanciu, redactor responsabil] (Bucuresti: Editura Hasefer, 1991)

    62. Maur, Mose. Roman de moravuri ([Iaffo]: Tipografia "Hasefer Hahadas", 1969), 3 vol

    63. Ojtser: das Schtetl in der Moldau und Bukowina heute, text von Renata M.Erich, Photographien von Edmund Hofer (Wien: C. Brandstetter, 1988)

    64. Ostfeld, Klara. Luz y sombra de mi vida: memorias (editado por Hillo Ostfeld) (Caracas: Arte, 1986) Paizer, Eliahu. Cintecul baracii (Jerusalim: Cenaclul Literar "Menora", 1969)

    65. Pilon, Juliana Geran. Notes from the other side of night, with an introduction by Mircea Eliade (Lanham; London:  University Press of America, 1994)

    66. Riza, Adrian. Retelele omeniei, prefata de Raoul Sorban (Bucuresti: Editura R.A.I, 1995)

    67. Roman, Viorel S. Imperiul, evreii si romanii (Timisoara: Editura Helicon, 1994)

    68. Romanian census records (Teaneck, N.J.: Distributed by Avotaynu, Inc., c1995)

    69. Rosen, Avram. Participarea evreilor la dezvoltarea industriala a Bucurestiului: din a doua jumatate a secolului al XIX-lea pana in anul 1938, cuvant inainte de Nicolae Cajal, prefata de Gheorghe Zaman (Bucuresti: Editura Hasefer, 1995)

    70. Safran, Alexandre. Resisting the storm: Romania, 1940- 1947: memoirs, edited and annotated by Jean Ancel (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1987)

    71. Safran, David. Amintiri ([Iafo; Tel-Aviv]: Editura Hasefer, [1972?]) (Creatorii de elita ai judaismului roman, no.11.)

    72. Safran, David. Gog si Magog. Roman(Iafo; Tel Aviv: Editura Hasefer, 1973. (Creatorii de elita ai judaismului roman, no.12.)

    73. Safran, David. Patria mea in razboiul de sase zile (Iafo; Tel-Aviv: Editura "Hasefer", 1968) (Creatorii de elita ai judaismului roman, no.8)

    74. Safran, David. Arta de a citi ([Jafo]: Editura Hasefer, [1970?]) (Creatorii de elita ai judaismului roman, no.10

    75. Safran, David. Cronica rebeliunii legionare. Amintiri care ard (Iafo; Tel-Aviv: Editura Hasefer, 1967) (Creatorii de elita ai judaismului roman, no.7)

    76. Safran, David. Templul tineretii mele, prefata de Israel Bar-Avi (Jerusalim: Cenaclul Literar "Menora", 1964)

    77. Sari, Achile. Pohod na Sibir!: speranta care a surpat "Portile Iadului" (Bucuresti: Editura Venus, 1994)

    78. Schwarzfeld, Moses. Momente din istoria Evreilor in Romania de la inceput pana la mijlocul acestui veac (Bucuresti, 1889)

    79. Shattered! 50 years of silence: history and voices of the tragedy in Romania and Transnistria [compiled] by Felicia (Steigman) Carmelly on behalf of the Transnistria Survivors Association Toronto (Scarborough, Ont.: Abbeyfield, 1997)

    80. Siperco, Andrei. Crucea Rosie Internationala si Romania in perioada celui, de-al Doilea Razboi mondial (1 Septembrie 1939-23 august 1944 ) prizonierii de razboi anglo-americani si sovietici; deportatii evrei din Transnistria si emigrarea evreilor in Palestina in atentia Crucii Rosii Internationale (Bucuresti: Editura Enciclopedica, 1997)

    81. Solheim, Magne. Im Schatten von Hakenkreuz, Hammer und Sichel, Judenmission or im Rumonien 1937-1948, aus dem Norwegischen Obersetzt von Cilgia Solheim (Erlangen: Verlag der Ev.-Luth. Mission,  1986)

    82. Sternberg, Ghitta. Stefanesti: portrait of a Romanian shtetl (Oxford: Pergamon, 1984)

    83. Stoian, Mihai. Ultima cursa de la Struma la Mefkure (Bucuresti: Editura Hasefer, 1995)

    84. Studia et acta historiae Iudaeorum Romaniae. 1- (Jassy: Romanian Academy, A.D. Xenopol Institute of History; Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, Diaspora Research Institute, Goldstein-Goren Center for the History of the Jews in Romania, 1996-)

    85. Volovici, Leon. Nationalist ideology and antisemitism: the case of Romanian intellectuals in the 1930s, translated from the Romanian by Charles Kormos (Oxford: published for the Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism (SICSA), the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1991)

    86. "War einer Hersch, Fuhrmann": Leben und Leiden der Juden von Oberwischau: Erinnerungsgesprche, [herausgegeben von] Klaus Stephani (Frankfurt am Main: Hain, 1991)

    87. Welter, Beate. Die Judenpolitik der rum�nischen Regierung 1866-1888 (Frankfurt am Main; New York: P. Lang, 1989)

    88. Wurmbrand, Richard. Christ on the Jewish road (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1975)

    Bukovina: [October 2000]

    A photographic essay of abandoned Jewish cemeteries in Europe by Ruth Ellen Gruber .

    Minna Rozen, Department of History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel researches cemeteries in Romania. Contact her for more information.

    Poland Burial Sites:  1578

    POLAND - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    (Please scroll down to see locations listed alphabetically)

    Haruth [October 2000]
    http://www.jewish.org.pl [December 2000]
    http://tbns.net/poljs

    [UPDATE] Web page of the Foundation for the Documentation of Jewish Cemeteries in Poland [November 2014]

    [UPDATE] Adopt-a-Jewish-Cemetery Project launched in Poland [February 2015]

    [UPDATE] Jewish Heritage Europe:  Poland Notes [February 2015]

    [UPDATE] Jewish Heritage Europe:  Poland round-up: cemeteries, synagogues, etc. [February 2015]

    [UPDATE] FODZ: Adopt a Jewish Cemetery [July 2015]

    [UPDATE] Marking the Ghosts in Poland's Old Jewish Cemeteries [January 2017]

    Pawel Dorman's Jewish Poland website. He is a professional genealogist [June 2009]

    Introduction and General Information

    This section contains general information and books about Poland.

    Entries indexed below as "US Commission No." refers tp information about individual cemeteries donated by the U.S. Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad, 1101 Fifteenth Street, Suite 1040, Washington, DC 20005; 202-254-3824.

    "Urzad" means "office" in Polish. "gmina (district)" is a sub-administrative unit like an uezd or county. "region" is similar to a "province" or guberniya or state. 1 hectare roughly equals about 2 acres.

    The Lauder Foundation Genealogy Project at the Jewish Historical Institute of Poland
    ULICA Tlomackie 3/5
    00-090 Warsaw, Poland
    tel/fax: (011-48-22) 625-0400
    Director Yale J. Reisner
    The foundation has cemetery lists for Kalisz, Bielsko-Biala, Zabrze, Warsaw (only partial), Pilica and several others. The Jewish Historical Institute only produced the Kalisz list in-house. Others produced the others with copies shared with the Institute for reference. HOWEVER, Yale's friend and colleague, Jacek Proszyk, the Bielsko-Biala Jewish community's historian and holder of the index copyright, prepared the Bielsko-Biala list. The Project is a non-profit educational endeavor of the Ronald S. Lauder Foundation, the Jewish Historical Institute Association and the Jewish Historical Research Institute. For Warsaw, the Jewish Historical Institute Archives only have about 4000 names. Warsaw cemetery director Boleslaw Szenicer (Cmentarz Zydowski, ulica Okopowa 49/51, Warszawa, Poland) has over 40,000 names in his database so far. [date?] He welcomes inquiries. The 4000 we have and the 40,000 he has do NOT overlap; however, they are different sections of the cemetery. Source: Yale Reisner.

    WORLD WAR I-WAR CEMETERIES:
    Erich Fritsch and a friend are documenting Austrian-Hungarian war cemeteries erected in WWI. In doing this, they also found Jewish war cemeteries built by the former K.u.K.Militaerkommando Krakau, Kriegsgraeberabteilung (established in Nov.1915). From 1915 to 1918, this Kriegsgraeberabteilung built 400 cemeteries in Western Galicia (now part of Poland). For Jewish members of the Austro-Hungarian Army d 13 "Kriegerfriedhoefe" (war cemeteries) were erected. They are listed in Die Westgalizischen Heldengraeber aus den Jahren des Weltkrieges 1914-1915 ; edited by Major Rudolf Broch and Hauptmann Hans Hauptmann in Vienna 1918. The registration and page numbers refer to this book. Some of the buildings he has seen are mostly not in a very good shape, ruined by Germans, Poles and overgrowth. Nowadays, Polish authorities try hard to save what is possible. Source: Erich Fritsch

    Nr. 107 Biecz 144 3 single and 3 mass graves in Jewish graveyard
    Nr. 132 Bobowa 184 5 single graves and 1 mass grave in Jewish graveyard; Hungarian soldiers
    Nr. 313 Bochnia 372 20 single graves in Jewish graveyard
    Nr. 275 Brzesko 334 21 single graves in Jewish graveyard
    Nr. 90 Gorlice 138 6 single graves in Jewish graveyard
    Nr.130b Grybow 143 7 single graves in Jewish graveyard
    Nr. 24 Jaslo 104 near the railway station, 9 single graves in Jewish graveyard; grave numbers 1-9
    Nr. 372 Myslenice 409 1 mass grave in Jewish graveyard
    Nr. 328 Niepolomice 374 1 single grave in Jewish graveyard
    Nr 35 Olpiny 104 6 single graves in Jewish graveyard
    Nr. 201 Tarnow 272 43 single graves in Jewish graveyard
    Nr. 162 Tuchow 272 4 single grave in Jewish graveyard
    Nr. 293 Zakliczyn 318 12 single graves in Jewish graveyard

    REFERENCES
    • Cohen, Chester G. "Jewish Cemeteries in Southern Poland" from `An Epilogue' in Shtetl Finder . 1980.
    • Freedman, Warren. World Guide for the Jewish Traveler . NY: E.P. Dutton Inc, 1984. Extracted by Bernard Kouchel,
    • Krajewska, Monica. A Tribe of Stones, Jewish Cemeteries in Poland . Warsaw: Polish Scientific Publishers, Ltd., 1993.
    • Gostinski, Zalman. Shteiner Dertzeilin [Stones Will Tell]. Paris: ___, 1973. in Yiddish and French. 1961-1967 photographs of a number of Jewish cemeteries in Southern Poland. Surviving synagogues were also photographed. Almost all of the towns visited were in Austrian Galicia in the 19th century.
    • Gruber, Ruth Ellen. Jewish Heritage Travel A Guide to East-Central Europe . New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1992. (pages 14-81 are about Poland).
    • Krajewskae, Monika. Czas Kamieni (Jewish Cemetery Monuments in Poland). Warsaw: Interpress, 1982. 164 pages text in Polish. edited by Anna Kamienska, 164 photos of Jewish cemetery monuments. The photos are indexed with the name of the town where the cemetery is located. Some of the towns included are Szydlowiec, Sieniawa, Lubaczow, Nowy Wisnicz, Bochnia, Lesko, Lodz, Tykocin, Otwock, Krakow, Tarnow, Zwierzyniec, Warsaw, Lublin, Zabno, etc. source: Jewishgen
      The above book (in Polish) lists 890 Jewish cemeteries in contemporary Poland. The book is based on computerized file system the author has built. Each record has such data as location, size, number of existing matzevot, the oldest grave, contact person. Source: Michael Halber
    • Lewin, Louis, 1868-1941 Papers, [ca. 1888-1941] Description: .2 linear ft. Notes: Rabbi, historian. Lewin lived in Poland, Germany, and Palestine. ... and photographs of towns in Poland, cemeteries, synagogues, and unidentified subjects resulting from his research into the history of German and Polish Jews. Of note is a manuscript copy of the diary of Rabbi Yoselmann of Rosheim, as printed in the REVUE DES ETUDES JUIVES (XVI, 1888). YIVO collections are in Yiddish, Russian, Polish, English, Hebrew, and other European and non-European languages. Location: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York, NY. Control No.: NXYH89-A645 [December 2000]
    • Lewin, Isaac, collector. Title: Lewin collection, [ca. 1200]-1942, [ca. 1700]-1942 (bulk) Description: ca. 22.5 linear ft. Notes: Contains variety of records of Jewish communities in Central and Eastern Europe especially in Posen, Silesia and other German-speaking areas, including pinkasim (record books) of communities and societies, memorial books with lists of deaths, ..., cemetery registers, society statutes, synagogue seat records, and other documents of communities at Kempen (Kepno, Poland), 1771-1902; Strassnitz (Straznice, Czechoslovakia ?), 1855-1879; Krotoschin (Krotoszyn, Poland), ca. 1832-ca. 1913; Labischin (Labiszyn, Poland); Militsch (Milicz, Poland), ca. 1830-ca. 1900; Fraustadt (Wschowa, Poland), 1835-1887; Rawitsch (Rawicz, Poland), ca. 1838-ca. 1861; Nikolai (Mikolow, Poland), ca. 1849-1898; Myslowitz (Myslowice, Poland), 1810-1852; Schwerin, [Skwierzyna] 1819-1869; Posen (Poznan, Poland), 1535-1538 (copies), 18th century, n.d.; Mecklenburg province, 1760-ca. 1850; Breslau (Wroclaw, Poland), 1808-1844; .. Location: Yeshiva University. Special Collections. Rare Books and Manuscripts, New York, NY. Control No.: NYYH88-A76 [December 2000]
    • Mostowicz, Arnold and Friedman, Michal. Poland, Jewish exhibition catelogmetery in Lodz . 3100, book, 6/18/1997; title:, Oficyna Bibbookofilow Sp. z o.o., 1995, 136 p., ANG/POL, 83-86058-56-0. Source: Daniel Dratwa; The books are among the collection at the Jewish Museum of Belgium.
    • Rosenstein, Neil. Polish Jewish Cemeteries 9,9 p. ill.; 22 x 28 cm.; call # DS 135.P6 R67 1983. Source: Pennycandy Jansen; e-mail:
    • They Lived Among Us: Polish Judaica , a travel brochure: Arline Sachs, extracted names of townstaht supposedly having Jewish cemeteries. These generally have names only; sometimes a description of famous people who lived there, but no page number.
    • Tragger, Mathilde. Printed Books on Jewish cemeteries in the Jewish National and University Library in Jerusalem: an annotated bibliography . Jerusalem: The Israel Genealogical Society, 1997.
    • Weiner, Miriam. Jewish Roots in Poland, Pages from the Past and Archival Inventories . Routes to Roots Foundation, Inc, Secaucus, NJ. Cemeteries are only a tiny part of this book's resources. Contains many cemetery photos.
    • "Cemeteries in Poland", mainly Jewish:  contains information from "The Map of Jews in Poland" with text by Iwona Brzewska and Renata Pitkowska. Translated by Jan K. Milencki. Source: Roman Padula, who also has pictures of a number of cemeteries.

    • JEWISH MILITARY CASUALTIES IN THE POLISH ARMIES IN WORLD WAR II by Eng. Benjamin Meirtchak, President of the Association of Jewish War Veterans of Polish Armies in Israel, the Chairman of the Central Committee of the Association of Disabled Veterans of Fight against Nazism in Israel, and the Secretary General of the Association of Polish Jews in Israel

      . [January 2001]
    • The regional museum in Tarnow has a website in Polish with a section called Judaika Tarnowskie. In this section is an article, in English, called "Jewish War Cemeteries in Western Galicia" written by the museum's director Mr. Adam Bartosz.  [July 2005]

    NOTE: Books previously listed as sources for various towns have been cited at the town itself including the citations compiled by Elaine B. Kolinsky for Gruber, Ruth Ellen. Jewish Heritage Travel A Guide to East-Central Europe . New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1992. [January 2001]

    [UPDATE] Database of Jewish Cemeteries in Poland [January 2015]

    [UPDATE] Chasidic Route/Tourist Route through SE Poland [January 2015]

    [UPDATE] Adopt-a-Jewish-Cemetery Project [April 2015]

    [UPDATE] Foundation for the Preservation of Jewish Heritage in Poland Facebook Page [June 2016]

    Why I Am Writing a Field Guide to Jewish Cemeteries - for Poles | Jewish Heritage Europe. [July 2016]

    Moldova, inc. Transnistria Region Burial Sites:  47

    Towns formerly in Romania or Bessarabia now may be in Moldova.
    MOLDOVA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Goberman, David. Carved Memories: Heritage in Stone from the Russian Jewish Pale. NY: Rizzoli, 2000 lists information for the following Moldova towns:
    4716 2819 Calarashi/Kalarash/Calarasi Targ/Kelarasz/Kelerash Tyrg/ in Kalarash Raion
    4722 2851 Orhei/Orgeyev in Orgeyev Raion

    Jewish community in Moldova:

    Shtetlink [March 2009]

    • Carved memories: heritage in stone from the Russian Jewish Pale. David N.(David Noevich) Goberman, introduction by Robert Pinsky; essay by Gershon Hundert. [New York: Rizzoli, 2000], 167 p. : ill., maps ; 30 cm. ISBN: 0847822567. USHMM - NB1880.U38 G63 2000. Publisher description: 125 Pictures and explanations of carvings on Jewish tombstones from West Central Ukraine, West Ukraine and Moldova, most of which were destroyed by the Nazis or later as part of a program in the Soviet Union to elminate vestiges of religion in society. Includes a bibliography.)
    • Jewish tombstones in Ukraine and Moldova. David N.(David Noevich) Goberman, [translated from the Russian by L. Lezhneva ; editor of English text, Lynne Hulett], text in English and Russian, 263 p., N 7415 .S5 v.4
    • Gravestones of the Destroyed Jewish Cemeteries in Moldova. D.N. Goberman. During the 1950s, Goberman, a pioneer in the field of researching Jewish gravestones, photographed gravestones in the cemeteries of the largest Jewish communities in Moldova: Kishinev, Beltsy and Argeevo. Later, these cemeteries were destroyed. Goberman is not only a folk art investigator, but an artist as well. His pictures are notable for their original artistic vision and particular expressiveness. Accompanying the photographs is an article by the author on the creative work of the Jewish folk artists of Moldova.The book lists information for the following Moldova towns:
      -4716 2819 Calarashi/Kalarash/Calarasi, Targ/Kelarasz/Kelerash Tyrg/ in Kalarash Raion
      -4722 2851 Orhei/Orgeyev in Orgeyev Raion

    Sephardic merchants using Bessarabia as a trade route between the Black Sea and Poland in the 15th century settled in northern and central Bessarabia. In 1812, about 2,000 Jews lived there. Massacres on April 6-7, 1903 spurred by a blood libel printed in a national newspaper resulted in 49 Jews killed, 500 wounded and hundreds of Jewish homes and businesses severely damaged. Czarist authorities ignored it. United States condemnation and trade restrictions against Russia resulted. Thousands of Moldovan Jews emigrated. Massacres during the 1905 Russian Revolution killed hundreds more Jews across Moldova. 1920 Jewish population: about 267,000. After the 1941 Nazi invasion, nearly 100,000 Jews died in mass shootings, deportations, ghettos, and concentration camps. Many Moldovans collaborated with the German and Romanian occupiers. 53 Moldovans "Righteous Among the Nations" risked their lives to save Jews. Now, 20,000 Jews live in Chisinau, 2,500-3,000 in Beltsy, and over 2,000 in Tiraspol (capital of Transnistria) as well as in Bender, Orgei, Rybnitsa, and Soroky with a few in 45 villages. Almost half of the community is elderly. About 12,000 Jews left due to hostilities in 1991. Jewish Communal institutions are in Chisinau: Moldovan Association of Jewish Organizations and Communities is the umbrella for the Jewish community. There are six JCCs in Moldova and Hillel chapter in Chisinau. Chabad Lubavitch maintains synagogues in Chisinau and Tiraspol. Chabad Rabbi Zalman Abelsky is Chief Rabbi of Moldova and President of the Federation of Jewish Communities of Moldova. Jewish schools are all funded in part by the Moldovan government and the Israeli Cultural Center include eight Jewish Sunday schools. No policy of anti-Semitism exists at the state level, but incidents occur. The Jewish community received only two of the many communal properties seized during the Soviet period. The U.S. Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad encouraged the Moldovan to sign  a Declaration of Cooperation with the US government to establish protocols for protection and preservation of cultural sites. In February 2002, the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Council signed an agreement with the Moldovan government, giving the Council free access to World War II-era government intelligence archives.

    Lithuania Burial Sites:  364

    LITHUANIA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Latvia Burial Sites:  115

    LATVIA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Latvian Jewish website and excellent history of Jewish education and University of Tartu. Holocaust in Latvia. [March 2009]

    BOOK:Jewish Cemeteries in Latvia (Ebreju Kapsetas Latbija) by Meyer Meler (Mejers Melers). Published by Shamir, 2006. Hardcover, larger size, 175 pages with abundant photos/ All text is provided in 3 languages: Latvian, Russian and English.Organized by community name with includes photos of cemeteries and a few tombstones as well as historical photos of communities.The text for each community describes the settlement, history, and population and a brief history of the cemetery as well as its exact location.

    German Knightly Orders (1201-1561) ruled the country and banned Jews (1306). Kingdom of Poland's Lithuania with a considerable Jewish population from the 13th century was their neighbor. In 1561 Poland took over Livonia and Latgale but left Kurland an independent Duchy. The Jews from the three different provinces, under different governance developed different Jewish histories with today's Latvia divided into four areas. Kurzeme (NW) and Zemgale (SW) were previously named Kurland (Courland) with the towns of Libau and Mitau. Vidzeme along the NE border of Estonia had Riga as the capitol. Livonia (Liflandia in Russian) included Walk, Wenden and Wolmar. Latgale (Latgalia) was Vitebsk guberniya under Russia with the towns of Rezekne and Dvinsk.

    • COURLAND: A semi-independent duchy linked to Poland with a prevailing German influence from 1562-1795. Local Jewry had more affinity to German Jewish tradition than to Lithuanian Jewish patterns. (Zemgale and Kurzeme in Modern Latvia. Kurland in German and Kurlandia in Russian) The oldest Jewish community in Latvia, Courland never was part of the Pale of Settlement, but had two separate political entities.
    • Province of Piltene (Pilten) included Grobin and Hasenpoth and part of Windau district where Jews had arrived around 1571. Piltene district was sold to the Polish king Stefan Batory in 1685, but the Bishop of Pilten had welcomed wealthy Jews (probably merchants from Prussia) to settle for the region's development. Piltene province with all season sea ports such as Libau (now Liepaja) and Windau was vital for trade, even more so than Riga, inoperable in winter. Jews were exempt from taxes until 1717. Decrees of expulsion between 1727 and 1738 went unenforced. In 1708 the first synagogue was permitted in Aizpute (Hasenpoth). In the 18th century favorable laws enabled Jews to become permanent residents of Courland bringing skilled Jewish workers and artisans from Germany and a number of physicians, the core of the Jewish intelligentsia and the later Haskalah. Among these were Marcus Hertz (1743 - 1803). The German way of life dominated Courland, impacting the Jews also. German (and not Yiddish) language was the spoken language of the Jewish community until World War II even though Courland became part of Russia in 1795. In 1799 Jews in Courland obtained legal permanent residence (and double taxation) including the right to vote. 1852 Jewish population: 23,743 in Courland guberniya and 4,189 in Jelgava (Mitau), 22% of the total. The first Jewish school opened in Mitau in 1780. In the 19th century, laws regarding Jews were passed in 1799, 1804, and 1835 when a new Code confirmed Jewish living there permanent residence in Riga and Shlok. Jewish males each paid 500 rubles to avoid Russian army conscription. In 1844 Kehillot were abolished officially. In 1893 Jews moved to Courland and Livonia (Riga) from the Pale with 40%+ involved in artisan/industry occupations and 35% in trade. Libau's port meant that by WWI, Jews owned about 25% of industrial enterprises in Libau.
    • LIVONIA: The Order banned Jews from commerce and farming. Jews as aliens empowered the aristocracy to levy residency restrictions, licensing fees, and other restrictions for hundreds of years through the rule of Poland (1561), Sweden (1621), and Russia (1710). A modern Jewish community existed from 1840. (Latvian Vidzeme, German Livland, Russian Livonia) Vidzeme (Livonia), including Riga is the central part of Latvia. Bordered by the north of the Daugava River and Estonia to the north and the Gulf of Riga to the west, Vidzeme (Riga) along with Courland are the origin of Latvian Jewry with Riga always the focus of Jewish activities. Jews in Riga lived in 1638 but were not allowed to settle in Riga on a permanent basis. In 1710, Riga was conquered by Russia. The articles of capitulation contained all the restrictions regarding Jews due to fear of economic/trade competition mainly from Germans. In 1724, a non-Jewish resident was licensed to run a hostelry for Jews. In 1724, Jews were expelled from the Russian Empire so Riga and Livonia expelled the Jews. In January 1764 three Jews officially were allowed to stay in the "Jew's Shelter". A Chevra Kaddisha formed in 1765. In 1785, Catherine the Great allowed all religions including Jews  to settle near the Baltic Coast in Sloka (Shlok) about 35 km from Riga and in Dobele (Dubeln). Additional shelters developed, growing the Jewish population. In 1841, the Russian Senate allowed Jews already in Riga to live officially. About 1850, about 4,500 Jews in Vidzeme including Riga. Livonia had been outside the Pale, but the Riga Jewish community was one of the most modern in the Empire along with Odessa. In 1832, the community of "Jews of Shlok residing in Riga" applied for a Jewish school in Riga, which resulted in one of the first modern Jewish schools (German language Kaplan School) in 1840 in Riga. The first synagogue was built in 1850. Later, the most outstanding was the Great Synagogue in Gogol street. Riga and Courland communities shared Western-type Jewish characteristics, they were much more "Jewish" than in Germany and Hungary. Modest acculturation halted temporarily due emergence of the  independent Latvian State and the decline of both Russian and German influences. Jewish population: 21,963  in Riga in 1893 and 33,600 in 1914.
    • LATGALIA: (Latvian:Latgale; German:Lettgallen; Russian:Latgalia with districts: Ludza (Lucin), Rezekne (Rezhica), and Daugavpils (Dvinsk, Dinaburg) Ruled by Poland in 1562, Russia in 1772 after the First Partition of Poland, part of the Pale of Settlement in 1804, Latgalia's Jewish communities in Latvia's SW were culturally similar to Yiddish-speaking Lithuania-Byelorussia. After the end of the Livonian Order (1561), Poland governed Latgalia (then called Inflantia) until 1772. Jews probably arrived from Poland in early 17th century following 1605-39 pogroms. Many Yiddish-speaking, Orthodox Jews arrived to escape Bogdan Chmelnitsky's Cossack Raids (1648-1653) pogroms and massacres in Ukraine and Byelorussia. These Jews, many peddlars, lived in a self-governing community, a kahal. The 1766 Census listed 2, 996 Jews in the region (not children). In 1772 (First Partition of Poland), Latgalian province and about 5,000 Jews belonged to Russia. In 1784, about 3,700 Jews lived in Latgalia. After 1802, the three Latgalian districts were part of Vitebsk guberniya, part of the Pale of Settlement. After 1804, Jews were allowed to live only in cities and small towns (shtetlach). Unlike Courland and Riga to the west, the economy of Latgalia, far from the Baltic Sea and close to Russia, was poor. Despite poverty, their traditional lifestyle and many children grew the Jewish population until 11, 000 Jews lived in Latgalia in 1847. Obligatory Russian army conscription and cantonist misery due to recruit kidnappers were established under Czar Nicholas I (1825-1856). [March 2009]

    With the Republic of Latvia proclaimed on November 18, 1918, Jews finally were granted full civil rights. 1,000 Jews took part in the liberation war in 1918-1921. The monument to dead Jewish soldiers can be found in the Jewish cemetery in Shmerli. In 1919, a special law establishing a Jewish section in the Ministry of Education directed a network of state-paid Yiddish/Hebrew language Jewish schools meaning the majority of Jewish children attended Jewish schools.[January 2009]

    BOOK: "Guide to Jewish Genealogy in Latvia and Estonia" by Arlene Beare (published by the Jewish Genealogical Society of Great Britain)

    BOOK: Part of documentation and preservation of Jewish heritage: Jewish Cemeteries in Latvia by Meyer Meler (ISBN 9984-9-904-5). Based on a documentary survey of almost fifty Jewish cemeteries identified and visited by Mr Meler and associates affiliated with the Museum and Documentation Centre "Jews in Latvia", the survey was sponsored partly by the United States Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad and by the Council of Latvian Jewish Communities, the Commission of the Historians of Latvia, and the Embassy of the United States in Latvia.

    [January 2009] Museum and Documentation Centre "Jews in Latvia" (Jewish Museum of Riga):
    Skolas Iela 6
    Riga
    LV-1322
    +371 728 3484
    +371 728 3484
    This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

    Links to general information about Latvia including maps. [January 2009]

    JewishGen Latvia SIG:

    Map of the Jewish cemeteries in East Latvia [May 2013]

    Hungary Burial Sites:  1222

    HUNGARY - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Contact information for all synagogues in Hungary [February 2009]

    Foundation for Jewish Cemeteries in Hungary, 1137. Budapest, Katona József u. 25. Tel.: (+36-1) 340-5590 Fax: (+36-1) 270-9259 E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. [March 2009]

    Synagogues Without Jews: photo. "The earliest Jews who came to Hungary trailed after the legions that were expanding the Roman Empire northward in the third century C.E. Hungarian Jews proceeded to found 38 communities in the medieval period, the most important being Buda and Sopron. Conditions were favorable for the Jews during Turkish rule (1526-1686), but worsened under the Hapsburgs as urban commercial conflict developed into an ingrained hatred. Impelled to move, the Jews were welcomed on the estates of Hungarian nobles such as Counts Esterhazy and Palffy, who protected them and benefited from their economic expertise.

    By 1840, Jews numbered more than 300,000. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 established a quasi-independent state within the renamed Austro-Hungarian Empire. The new Hungarian Parliament soon enacted Jewish emancipation, removing remaining judicial and economic restrictions, allowing Jews to engage in all professions and to settle in all localities. No longer limited to the towns and villages, the Jews-now counting more than 500,000 persons across the country-began to stream into the main cities. The Emancipation period (1867-1914) brought Hungarian Jewry to a crest in political, economic and cultural spheres. Their political position was strengthened in 1895 with the official recognition of Judaism as an equally accepted religion. By 1910 Jews were 5 percent of the population (numbering over 900,000), but comprised about half of the journalists, lawyers and doctors, and nearly 60 percent of the country's merchants.Political emancipation opened the door to higher secular education and adaptation to the outside world. Such radical options engaged Hungarian Jewry in a bitter culture conflict. The Neolog movement favored modifications of the religious ritual as well as cultural and political integration; the Orthodox opposed these adaptations. The conflict came to a head at the government-summoned General Jewish Congress of 1868 and precipitated a major ideological split that plagued the life of Hungarian Jewry until the Holocaust overtook all sides.

    Integration and assimilation made deep inroads into the Jewish community. Hungarian Jewry became one of the most assimilated Jewish communities in Europe, with a growing tendency towards apostasy-especially among the upper classes. In contrast, Hasidism swelled in the northeast, in the Szatmar, Bereg (including Munkacs), and Marmaros districts.

    Loyalty and patriotic participation by the Jews in the battles of World War I did not prevent overt anti-Semitic riots, known as the "White Terror," in the post-war years. This anti-Semitism was fully manifested in World War II: Nazi troops marched into Hungary in "Operation Margaret" on March 19, 1944. Ghettoization and deportation followed with demonic efficiency. Toiling relentlessly before the advancing Soviet troops, the Nazis managed to murder more than half a million Hungarian Jews by war's end.

    Hungarian Jewry now comprises a renewed and active community, with some 80,000 Jews living in Budapest. Nearly 20,000 more live in the rest of the country, particularly in a few of the larger cities. Jewish cultural life has recovered to some extent, with Budapest as the center. The rabbinical seminary trains rabbis for central and east European communities. In addition to the grand Neolog synagogue on Dohany utca and the Orthodox Kazinczy Synagogue, 20 smaller synagogues function in Budapest. Not destroyed by the Germans for lack of time, nearly 100 synagogue buildings still stand in the country. Further, with supplementary municipal funds, former Hungarian Jews living abroad financed the recent restoration of some of the magnificent synagogues still in Jewish use: Szeged, Pecs, and the Dohany in Budapest. These buildings are open to the public as museums, and the large halls serve for prayer only on the Jewish high holidays." [February 2009]

    [UPDATE] Tracing Jewish Heritage Along the Danube [March 2015]

    [UPDATE] Graves Vandalized, Remains Scattered [March 2015]

    Estonia Burial Sites:  11

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    http://www.heritagefilms.com/ESTONIA.html [January 2001]

    http://www.einst.ee/factsheets/jews/[June 2005]

    Jewish settlement in Estonia began in the 19th century when they were granted the right to enter the region by a statute of Tsar Alexander II in 1865 that allowed the "Nicholas soldiers" and their descendants, kantonists, First Guild tradesmen, artisans, and Jews with higher education to settle in Estonia and other parts of the empire. The Tallinn congregation, the largest in Estonia, was founded in 1830. The Tartu congregation was established in 1866 when the first fifty families settled. The largest synagogue was constructed in Tallinn in 1883 and one Tartu in 1901, both destroyed by fire in WWII. Jewish population spread to other Estonian cities with houses of prayer (Valga, Prnu and Viljandi). Cemeteries were erected. Although schools were begun, most of the Jewish population of small tradesmen and artisans most illiterate. At the end of the nineteenth century, Jews entered the University of Tartu, enriching Jewish culture and education.  Approximately 200 Jews fought to create the Republic of Estonia, seventy as volunteers. 1918 began a new era for the Jews as Estonia showed  tolerance towards all citizens and acted to overcome discrimination. A Jewish elementary school founded by the Tallinn congregation graduated its first class in 1923. The first gymnasium class (grade 7) started in Autumn 1923 with 223 students and the second class (grade 8) in 1924 when the new school was completed at Karu 16. On 12 February 1925 the Estonian government passed a law granting cultural autonomy of minority peoples for which the Jewish community quickly applied. In June 1926 the Jewish Cultural Council was elected and the Jewish cultural autonomy declared for the 3045 Jews. Schools proliferated throughout the country. In 1934, 4381 Jews lived in Estonia (0.4%). Jewish population of other cities: Tallinn (2203); Tartu (920); Valga (262); Prnu (248); Narva (188); and Viljandi (121) as artisans, laborers, merchants, and manufacturers, the leather factory Uzvanski and Sons in Tartu, the Ginovkeris Candy Factory in Tallinn, furriers Ratner and Hoff, and forestry companies such as Seins, Judeiniks. Tallinn and Tartu had Jewish co-op banks. 11% received higher education, 37% secondary education, and 33% elementary school. 18% only received home education. 9.5% of the Jewish population were physicians (80+), 16 pharmacists, and 4 veterinarians. The peaceful life of the small Estonian Jewish community halted in 1940 with Soviet occupation. Cultural autonomy and all institutions were liquidated in July 1940. About 400 Jew were deported on 14 June 1941. German occupation came later in 1941 with 1000 Estonian Jews executed. After WWII, some Jews who had fled to the Soviet Union returned to Soviet-occupied Estonia, but no Jewish cultural life revived due to Communist policies hostile to Jews and an anti-Zionist campaign. Without a synaogue, the congregation operated and cared for the Rahume Cemetery from a house of prayer in poor repair. Jewish language, history, and traditions were forbidden, punishable by prison camps. Establishments and offices precluded Jews. The Soviet categories of citizenship (Soviet) and nationality (Jew, Estonian, Russian etc.) stated on passports ended the cultural memory of the Jewish people; the young increasingly unaware of their ethnicity due to parents and grandparents afraid to teach children of their heritage. Even the Holocaust was ignored by the Soviets. Institutions of higher education, especially in Moscow, Leningrad and Kiev, were essentially closed to Estonian Jews who attended the University of Tartu and the Polytechnical Institute in Tallinn (now known as the Technical University). In the 1970s, Estonia was known as a place from which to leave the Soviet Union. Then, in March 1988, the Jewish Cultural Society established in Tallinn, the first in the Soviet Empire, organized concerts and lectures for people deprived for fifty years. A Sunday school started in 1989 in the Tallinn Jewish Gymnasium on Karu Street then used by a vocational school. In 1990, a Jewish School with classes 1 through 9 organized. Jewish culture clubs of the Cultural Society started in Tartu, Narva, and Kohtla-Jrve. Life returned to the Jewish congregation. Social and cultural activities grew. Restoration of Estonian independence in 1991 brought numerous political, economic and social changes. Estonia traditionally regarded its Jews with friendship and accommodation. The Jewish Community received its charter on April 11, 1992. The Jewish Community in Estonia consists of about 1000 Jews of which over 50% are elderly, a Jewish synagogue in Tallinn. [March 2009]


    Czechia (Czech Republic) Burial Sites:  1146

    CHECHIA
    (also known as the CZECH REPUBLIC)

    Formerly Bohemia and Moravia--Czechoslovakia.

    Also see Slovakia

    "Cemetery team battles elements to record Czech Jewish ancestors" by Pavla Kozakova notes that a prospective convert started a website to help people track their Czech Jewish ancestry. "As part of this effort, Jaroslav Achab Haidler has combed dozens of Jewish cemeteries in the Czech regions of Bohemia and Moravia in order to compile a complete record of burial sites." An English translation is expected. Supposedly, 340 Jewish cemeteries exist in the Czech Republic.

    story. Source: E. Randol This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.. [October 2002]

    Czech Heritage Action Initiative (CHAI) is working on the restoration of Jewish cemeteries in the Czech Republic. CHAI is a non-profit organization led by Lisa Feder of Deerfield, IL that works with the Czech Federation of Jewish Communities. The Federation includes ten local Jewish communities in the Czech Republic. CHAI projects include the restoration of Jewish cemeteries in Sušice, čáslav and Velké Mezíríci. [May 2010]

    US Commission Overview Report "The Condition and Preservation of Czech Jewish Cemeteries", p 73, and history of the Jewish Community of Czech Republic (Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia. [February 2009]

    CZECHIA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    JewishGen's Austria/Czech research [February 2009]

    Most Jewish communal structures were destroyed during Nazi occupation and the 40-year Communist regime or received only minimal care. After November 1989, Jewish monuments are in the possession of the ten Jewish communities, or municipalities, societies, organizations or Protestant churches. See details of restorations throughout the Czech Republic. [February 2009]

    list of burials. Go to the "List of Cemeteries" and look for those that include the word "Zidovsky,"the Czech word for "Jewish." As an example, the Jewish burials for the town of Vamberk appear to have hundreds of entries, some dating back to the period before Jews had hereditary surnames. Click on an individual and the exact date of death and sometimes the date of birth are displayed. comparable site for Slovak burials with far fewer Jewish burials.

    updated on February 19,2009:

    • Federation of Jewish Communities in the Czech Republic
      (Federace židovských obcí v České republice)
      Maiselova 18 110 01 Praha 1 Tel: 224 800 824 Fax: 224 810 912 Skype:  federace863 This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view

    • General information about Czech cemeteries in Czech. Google Translate site. [September 2011]

    • Jewish Community Brno (Židovská obec Brno)
      tř. Kpt. Jaroše 3, 602 00, Brno, ČR
      Tel: +420-544 509 606 Fax: +420-544 509 623 This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it
      English index

    • Jewish Community Děčín (Židovská obec Děčín)  
      Žižkova 4
      405 02 Děčín
      Tel: +240/412 531 095 Fax: +420/412 531 095

    • Jewish Community Carlsbad (Židovská obec Karlovy Vary)
      Bezručova 8 P. O. Box 160 360 01 Karlovy Vary Tel / Fax: +420/353 220 658       This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

    • Jewish Community Liberec (Židovská obec Liberec)
      Rumjancevova 1/1362 460 01 Liberec Tel.: +420/485 103 340 Fax: +420/482 412 190 

    • Jewish Community Olomouc (Židovská obec Olomouc)
      Komenského 7 772 00 Olomouc Tel / Fax: +420/585 223 119

    • Jewish Community of Ostrava (Židovská obec v Ostravě)
      Tovární 15 709 00 Ostrava Tel: +420/596 621 354

    • Jewish Community Plzeň
      (Židovská obec Plzeň)
      Smetanovy sady 5 301 37 Plzeň Tel.: +420/277 235 749, +420/377 223 346 Fax: +420/377 223 348, +420/277 235 749

    • Jewish Community of Prague
      Maiselova street 18, Josefov, 110 01 Prague 1
      Tel: +420 224 800 812-13  Fax:+420 222 318 664

    • Rabbinate of Prague: Tel:+420 224 800 849 Fax:+420 222 318 664 This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

    • Jewish Community Teplice (Židovská obec Teplice)

    • Lipová 25/333 415 01 Teplice Tel: +420/417 538 209

    • This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. (Židovská obec Ústí nad Labem)

    Moskevská 26 400 00 Ústí nad Labem Tel: +420/475 208 082
    This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

    "Apart from a few exceptions, Jewish cemeteries are in the exclusive ownership of Jewish communities. Out of more than 400 Czech and Moravian Jewish cemeteries, around 70 were destroyed during the Nazi occupation and the post-war period. More than 330 Jewish cemeteries and approximately 25 Jewish sections in municipal cemeteries have been preserved at least to a certain degree. Management of 159 Jewish cemeteries is the responsibility of the Prague Jewish Community. Building work is being carried out at 84 cemeteries - i.e., construction and repairs of walls, raising of damaged tombstones, and repairs to cemetery buildings, ceremonial halls and mortuaries. Memorial exhibitions have been installed in a number of ceremonial halls - for example, in Benesov, Pardubice, Dobruska, Zamberk, Ckyne, Rakovmk, Drevikov and Petikozly. In other places cemetery houses are used as caretaker flats (Miada Boleslav, Havlickuv Brod, Hermanuv Mestec, Turnov and Branys nad Labem).  Since 1990, renovation and reconstruction work at 34 cemeteries managed by the Prague Jewish Community has been fully completed, renovation work has been mostly completed at 40 cemeteries, while conservation work has at least been initiated at the remaining cemeteries. Other communities are also expending considerable amounts on the renovation of Jewish cemeteries, but at least 50% of costs are borne by the  state or the relevant local authorities. A recurrent problem is that of anti-Semitic vandalism, which manifests itself in the defacing of Jewish cemeteries. This has recently involved the defacing of the old cemetery in Libochovice (1992), the overturning of tombstones in Golcuv Jernkov (1995) and Svetia nad Sazavou (1997), the spraying and defacing of tombstones in Hradec Kralove (1996), and of the Jewish memorial in Trutnov (1998) on the anniversary of the Crystal Night Pogrom. / In Moravia a total of 46 Jewish cemeteries are managed by the Jewish Community in Brno. 11 cemeteries were fully renovated by 1997 and building work is continuing on the renovation of cemeteries in Brno, Dolm Kounice, Mikulov, Miroslav, Straznice, Lomnice, Jihiava, Veike Mezinci, Holesov, Jemnice, Slavkov and Boskovice. Ceremonial halls were renovated in Treble, Uhersky Brod, Bzenec and Podivin, where an exhibition on the history of the local Jewish community was installed. The Jewish community in 0lomouc looks after 10 cemeteries, to date has carried out repairs to Jewish cemeteries in Olomouc, Pferov and is continuing with the renovation of the cemetery in Usov, Sumperk and Tovacov, where an exhibition devoted to the history of the local Jewish community and burial customs was installed in 1997. 1998 saw the completed reconstruction of the Olomouc Ceremonial Hall. / More rapid progress in renovation projects is hindered by a lack of funds, both on the part of Jewish communities and their partners. In view of the state of the Czech economy, greater support from the state and local authorities cannot be counted on in the immediate future. Neither is it possible for Jewish communities to expend significantly greater amounts on renovating their cemeteries and monuments than to date. In addition, the Jewish Museum in Prague receives no state support, which means that it has to cover most repair and reconstruction work from its own taxable income." January 1999   Ph.D. Arno Parik Source [February 2009]

    Bulgaria Burial Sites:  23

    BULGARIA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    JewishGen's ShtetlSeeker references border changes to locate a given town. JewishGen has other references regarding the Jewish community. Bulgaria is bordered by the Black Sea, Romania and Turkey.  Slightly larger than Tennessee. Jews represent 0.8% ot the population of about 8.2 million. Bulgaria has nine provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast) Burgas, Grad Sofiya, Khaskovo, Lovech, Montana, Plovdiv, Ruse, Sofiya and Varna.[February 2009]

    History and history of the rescue of the entire Jewish community during WWI thanks to the King of Bulgaria and the Patriarch of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church [February 2009]

    The Bulgarian Jewish community may have existed since destruction of the First Temple with Jews arriving via Asia Minor. A Jewish settlement  existed in Macedonia at the time of Caligula (37-41 C.E. Coins from the Bar Kochba revolt found in the area suggest that Jewish slaves arrived after the failure of the revolt in 132-5 CE. Additionally, a stela from the village of Gigen in the Sofia museum, is inscribed "Yosefus archiesynagogus", or Joseph, head of the synagogue. A mosaic floor from a second or third century synagogue in Plovdiv is further evidence. Theodosius I's decree to the governors of Thrace and Illyria in 379 persecuted Jews in these areas with synagogues destroyed.

    Three distinct communities developed: Greek-speaking Romaniots, fleeing Sephardi Jews from Spain and Portugal, and Ashkenazi Jews. By the seventeenth century, most of these Jews followed Sephardic ritual and tradition. Turkish, Spanish and Greek influences joined Eastern Europe sources such as Poland and Hungary to create Jewish Bulgaria. In 1335 the Bulgar King Johann Alexander married a Jewish woman, Sarah, who reigned as Queen Theodora.The central rabbinical court exercised authority over beit din in Sofia, Plovdiv, and Rushchuk (now Ruse). "The Jewish community of Bulgaria survived the Holocaust intact. Immediately following World War II, however, approximately ninety percent of Bulgaria's 50,000 Jews immigrated to Israel. Those who remained found their lives and institutions controlled by the Communist Party; religious life during this period was almost eradicated. The reign of Communism also greatly damaged the community's art treasures: grand synagogues were abandoned or appropriated and valuable sacred and ritual objects were sold or plundered." Since the fall of Communism, the Jewish community revived in Sofia and Plovdiv. Today some 5,000 Jews make up the Jewish community that, with the aid of new legislation, reclaimed several properties. Source: Center for Jewish Art that has much information about Jewish art and artifacts as well as synagogues in Samokov, Pazardzik, Varna, and Plovdiv (Philipopolis) in Macedonia with photos.  [February 2009]

    See The Virtual Jewish History Tour for detailed Bulgarian Jewish history links and history text. [February 2009]

    Shalom Organization of Jews in Bulgaria, successor to the Social and Cultural Organization of Jews in Bulgaria: Beit Ha'am: 50 Stambolijski, Sophia. telephone: 001-359-2-926-5301, fax: 359-2-981-1139. The Beit Ha'am houses many Jewish organizations including the Joint Distribution Committee--Bulgaria. (359-2-981-4332). The Jewish Old Age Home at 18 Kojuh Planina, telephone: 359-2-865-0513 is part of the services. [February 2009]

    Sofia  Central Synagogue and Museum at 16 Exarkh Yosif, telephone: 359-2-983-1273.At the intersection of Todor Alexandrov and Hristo Botev Boulevards at the Tel Aviv-Yafo Square. Dedicated in October 2002.

    Next to Bulgaria's parliament building in Sofia lies a trapezoidal bronze plaque on a granite base that serves to commemorate the non-Jewish Bulgarians and parliamentarians who worked to stop the deportation of 8,500 Bulgarian Jews to Nazi concentration camps. Towns that had Jewish population in Bulgaria in the past that may have burial sites:

     

    Current Name Previous Name(s)
    Burgas Bergos, Bourghas
    Dupnica Dupnitch, Dobnica, Dupnitsa, Stenke Dimitrov
    Kustendil Kjustendil
    Nikopol Nicopolis, Nigbolo
    Pazardzhik Pazardjik, Tatarpazari, Tatar Pazardki
    Pleven Bleune, Plevne
    Plovdiv Filippoli
    Ruse Русе Roustchouk, Rousse, Rusc
    Sliven Islimiye
    Stara Zagora Zagr-I-atik, Eskiagra, Yeski Sagta, Stara Sagora
    Vidin Widdim

     

    REFERENCES
    Books

    • Arditti, Benyamin. Yehude Bulgaryah: bi-shenot ha-mishtar ha-Natsi, 1940-1944 (B. J. Arditti [1961])
    • Beni, Albert. Yehude Bulgaryah be-maavak neged ha-Natsim (Histadrut ha-Tsiyonit ha-Olamit, 1980)
    • Elazar , Daniel J. The Balkan Jewish Communities: Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey". Lanham, Maryland and London, England: University Press of America, 1984.
    • The Fragility of Goodness: why Bulgaria's Jews survived the Holocaust. (a collection of texts with commentary by Tzvetan Todorov; translated by Arthur Denner. (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001)
    • Haskell, Guy. From Sofia to Jaffa: The Jews of Bulgaria and Israel (Wayne State Univ. Press, 1994). YIVO /86768
    • Sack, Sallyann Amdur. "Project to Document Jews of Turkey, Salonika, Bulgaria and Belgrade". Avotaynu, volume 14, no. 2, page 40. 1998
    • Benbassa, Esther and Aron Rodrigue. A Sephardi Life in Southeastern Europe: The Autobiography and Journal of Gabriel Ari.  University of Washington Press in Seattle and London in 1998.
    • Tamir, Vicki. Bulgaria and Her Jews: The History of a Dubious Symbiosis (John Wiley, 1979)
    Web Sites

     

    Belarus Burial Sites:  385


    BELARUS - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Belarus Cemetery Law was enacted in 2001 that applies to cemeteries of all faiths, including Jewish cemeteries. Some new addendums were added in 2007. Any cemetery unused for 25 years can be reclaimed for other purposes. Owning to the murder of entire Jewish communities by Germans and their Lithuanian, Latvian and Ukrainian partners in the 1941-44 period, the bulk of Jewish cemeteries fell under this law during the years 1966-69. [March 2009]
    According to the new cemetery law, all cemeteries can be redeveloped no earlier than in 50 years since the last burial was made and only can be  replaced by a park or something that does not require deep digging into a ground. Buildings can be built 100 years after the last burial. JThis email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. (website of Jewish Heritage Research group: preservation of cemeteries and objects of Jewish heritage). Yuri Dorn [July 2010]

    Links for Belarussian Jewry [March 2009]
    MAPS of various Belarussian cities: 

    Belarus SIG on JewishGen
    Shtetls of Belarus links have more information for various towns listed in the Cemetery Project.

    JewishGen's ShtetlSeeker references border changes to locate a given town. [February 2009]

    Jewish Community information:

    2010 UPDATE ON CONDITIONS IN BELARUS: Communists started to destroy Jewish cemeteries in eastern Belarus in the second half of the 1930s. One example is the former Minsk Jewish cemetery, which was replaced by a stadium "Dinamo" in 1937. During WII, Germans used tombstones from Jewish cemeteries to build roads, dams, and forts. Also German Nazi collaborators executed Jewish population in the Jewish cemetery sites. Today these mass graves are commemorated with Holocaust memorials (Minsk, Novogrudok, Volozhin, Radun, Braslav, and Dolginovo). After the war, most of the Belorussian Jewish cemeteries were closed to new burials. In some places, the local population reused Jewish tombstones for their non-Jewish relatives and to build houses. In 1960s, Soviets started to build on the old Jewish cemeteries and replaced them with stadiums, such as in Grodno, Gomel, Brest; apartment complexes such as in Slutzk, Voronovo, Lida, Lyakhovichy, and Pinsk. Since the end of the 1980s after the fall of the Soviet regime, Jewish cemeteries began to get more attention, mostly from descendants and from Jewish organizations. Some cemeteries were cleaned, tombstones reerected and cleaned, photographed and catalogued.  Belorussian Jewish organizations took responsibility to maintain some of the old Jewish cemeteries. Despite all the efforts, the majority of old Jewish cemeteries in Belarus are still abandoned. international Very few active Jewish cemeteries remain, some are in Bobruisk, Borisov, Mogilev, Vitebsk, and Orsha. One cemetery (with wooden tombstones and founded in 1568) is located in the village called Lenin. Some famous Rabbis are buried in Belorussian Jewish cemeteries, well known pilgrimage sites such as Borisov, Grodno, Radun, Volozhin, Slonim, and Mir. Source: Jewish Heritage Research Group in Belarus, 220002 Minsk, 13B Daumana St. tel/375-173-345612 and fax/375-173-343360.
    [July 2010]

    2002 UPDATE ON CONDITIONS IN BELARUS: Legislation effecting cemeteries that were inactive for twenty-five years (of all religious faiths) was promulgated under Soviet rule. More than just Jewish sites suffered. The murder of entire Jewish community in 1941-44 left Jewish cemeteries prey to this law in 1966-1969 but the central Minsk Dynamo Market sits atop the Russian Orthodox cemetery. Many religious buildings of all faiths were subject to Soviet "adaptive reuse." Also, during the 1991-1994 transitional period, some cemeteries were partially destroyed. Under the current government, supportive to the Jewish community, this practice ceased. Minsk has no Jewish cemetery, but development of the old cemetery property is prohibited by the Minsk city government. Bobruisk and Mogilev cemeteries are still active. Mogilev recently received additional cemetery space from the local authority. The East European Jewish Heritage Project ( ) negotiated with the Belarussian Committee for the Preservation of the Nation's Heritage to protect Belarus' Jewish cemeteries. To be protected, indexing and mapping of headstones must be done and a barrier (fence, wall, hedge) must be erected around the site to demarcate its boundaries. The current obstacle to preserving cemeteries is funding; however, these same poor economic conditions also prevent development. Nature and indifference are the main threats to Jewish cemeteries in Belarus. Small, unattended cemeteries become overgrown, as memorial markers topple, damaged by vegetation and weathering. Rural sites disappear under secondary forests. Today, few Jews throughout the world donate to the preservation or maintenance of these cemeteries. The largest international Jewish 'aid' organization participating in restoration in the past announced a 40% reduction in this year's aid. Jews are responsible for our own heritage throughout the world. Because the present Belarussian government now supports the Jewish community, preserving the physical remains of our heritage is imperative. The East European Jewish Heritage Project will assist. Contact Franklin J. Swartz, Executive Director, East European Jewish Heritage Project [March 2002] Franklin J. Swartz, Executive Director, East European Jewish Heritage Project, c/o Voluntas
    P. O. Box 100, Minsk 220074, Republic of Belarus. Belarus Tel: +375 17 252 7314 Belarus Mob: +375 29 699 4016. Fax: +375 271 4736. London Tel: +44 20 7193 5474. Boston, MA Tel: +1 617 418 3202.

    REFERENCE: History of Jews in Belorussia and Ukraine by Dymshytz, St-Petersburg, 1944. Almost all the cemeteries described are on hills, sometimes covered by woods. The most ancient ones were destroyed although some of them exist today on the original places. Many Jewish cemeteries are converted into Christians ones. Usually the stones are 1m-1.2-m high and 0.5-m width. The reverse side of the stone is not polished. The top of the stone is half-round and sometimes partially broken as an image of sorrow. The decor is very limited with sometimes a Star of David and sometimes blessing hands or menorah. The images are dated second half of the last century: in MIR-a bird, in SHARKOVCHINA-a lion, in DRUE and DISNA-a lion, a bird and floral ornamentation. Source: Irene Kudish.

    [UPDATE]  Execution sites of Jewish victims [December 2014]

    [UPDATE] Catalog of Jewish Cemeteries in Belarus (can be translated with Google Translate) [June 2015]

    [UPDATE] June 2017] Comprehensive Survey of Jewish Cemeteries [June 2017]

    Albania Burial Sites:  7

    ALBANIA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Albanian-Israel Friendship Society
    Rruga Barrikatave 226
    Tirana, Albania
    Phone: 355-42-22611
    http://www.kosherdelight.com/Albania.htm [August 2003]

    WESTERN & SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE Burial Sites:  0

    Monaco, see under France

    Monaco Burial Sites:  1

    Major Concentration Camps: West & Southeast Europe Burial Sites:  2

    "Gone are the living, but the dead remain
    And not neglected; for a hand unseen
    Scattering its bounty like a summer rain
    Still keeps their graves and their remembrance green."
    --Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

    See similar categories in Eastern Europe and Germany.

    Compiled by Bernard Kouchel: Jewish Genealogical Society of Broward County. January 1994

    Gibraltar (U.K.) Burial Sites:  2

    Gibraltar (known as the "Rock") is a small peninsular located on the southernmost tip of mainland Spain overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar and the western entrance to the Mediterranean Sea. The territory was captured from the Muslim Kingdom of Granada by the Kingdom of Castile in 1462, and became part of the Kingdom of Spain on the union of the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon in 1516. Gibraltar was captured by English forces in 1704 and in 1713 was ceded formally to the United Kingdom of Great Britain in the Treaty of Utrecht. In 1830, Gibraltar was accorded the status of a British Crown Colony. In 1981, its status was changed to that of a "British Dependent Territory", which term was replaced by "British Overseas Territory" in 2002. Gibraltar is part of the European Union and Gibraltarians have full British citizenship.

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Jewish presence in Gibraltar of more than 650 years was first recorded in 1356, when the community made an appeal for the ransom of a group of Jews captured by pirates. The community grew under British rule with 600 Jews in Gibraltar by mid-18th century, peaking at over 1,500 in the mid-19th century. In 2001, approximately 580 Jews lived on the Rock.

    Jewish Community of Gibraltar

    10 Bomb House Lane

    Gibraltar

    Tel. 350 726 06

    Fax 350 404 87.

    Website: http://www.jewishgibraltar.com

    Photographs of Jewish Community [January 2016]

    The JewishGen All-UK Database contains Gibraltar records, including burials from 1829 until 1931. Search of the Gibraltar Records.

     

    See also

    JCR-UK (Jewish Community & Records - United Kingdom) - Gibraltar

    History of the Jews in Gibraltar - Wikipedia

    Jews of Gibraltar - Haruth

    Gibraltar Virtual Jewish History Tour

    Faroe Islands (Danish) Burial Sites:  0

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Canary Islands (Spanish) Burial Sites:  0

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    • history.  Society for Crypto-Judaic Studies [August 2009]
    • The first Jews in the Canary Islands were Conversos. The modern community of immigrants from North Africa in the 1950s resulted in several Jewish families in Tenerife and a synagogue in Gran Palma. [August 2009]

    San Marino Burial Sites:  0

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    article in Wikipedia.

    Liechtenstein Burial Sites:  0

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    article in Wikipedia.

    Andorra Burial Sites:  0

    ANDORRA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Andorra, a small landlocked country in the Pyrenees between France and Spain, serves as a tourist destination and a tax haven, and many  foreigners have established homes there. The Jewish history and culture of Andorra was practically nonexistent after the expulsion of  the Jews from the Iberian peninsula in the 1490s. In the 19th century, Jews were again permitted to enter.  Today an estimated one hundred reside there.

    Jewish Cultural Heritage Sites in Andorra
    Andorra la Vella, Director Sr. Enric Riba
    Office de Tourisme de la Principauté d'Andorre
    26, avenue de l'Opéra - 75001 Paris
    33 1 42 615 055
    33 1 42 614191
    3615 Andorra
    This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

    article in Wikipedia.

    In 2000, the Jewish community opened a synagogue and a cultural center in Andorra La Vella, Andorra's capital city (source: www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71365.htm, 2007)

    Turkey Burial Sites:  24

    TURKEY - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY
     

    The "haham bashi," the Chief Rabbi of Turkey can be reached at Chief Rabbinate of Turkey, Yemenici Sokak 23 Beyoglu, Istanbul, Tel. 90 212 244 8794, Fax. 90 212 244 1980

    Most Turkish Jews live in Istanbul, but communities exist in Izmir (2,300) and about 100 Jews in Ankara, Bursa, and Adana. For security reasons, synagogues in Turkey are not open to the public. To enter a synagogue, please make arrangement for a tour through the Haham Bashi's office listed above.

    Jewish community information [October 2000]

    Sephardic Genealogy Resources from the Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture

    Jewish Communities in Anatolia (Mainland Turkey in Asia) Prior to 1937

    The Turkish Jewish Community in Israel. Source: Eyal Peretz, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it [January 2006]

    New database of over 61,000 Turkish-Jewish gravestones [July 2020}

    BOOKS:

    Besalel, Yusuf. Osmanli ve Turk Yahudileri. [Ottoman and Turkish Jewry] Gozlem Press. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it , 1999. ISBN 975-304-37-9. 320 pages, 16 pages of color photos), in Turkish $20. "... a detailed study of the Ottoman and Turkish Jewry. It starts from the fourth century BCE, but focuses on more recent years. The author, Yusuf Besalel, has also written Unlu Yahudiler ("Famous Jews") and Kronolojik Yahudi Tarihi ("Chronological Jewish History"--World Jewry, Israel and Turkish-Israeli Relations)." Complete studies of the Jewish community in Istanbul in 20th century.

    Greece Burial Sites:  21

    GREECE - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    • A Short History of the Jews of Greece by Nikos Stavrolakis . [October 2000]
    • http://www.sephardicstudies.org/entrance.html Sephardic Genealogy Resources from the Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
    • The Jewish Museum of Athens The Jewish Museum of Athens, 36 Amalias Avenue, Athens. Tel 323-1577
    • http://www.haruth.com/JewsGreece.html [October 2000]
    • indexing,  Source: Daniel Kazez This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it [October 2000]
    • Synagogues Without Jews: see photos. "Jewish roots in Greece reach back to the time of Alexander the Great, mid-4th century B.C.E and to the dawn of the Hellenistic world, with its fusion of peoples, religions and cultures. The meeting of these cultures nourished the roots of nascent Christianity and the many-faceted Western civilization.Greek language and culture attracted much of the upper class in Judea. Under Hasmonean leadership, Judea revolted against the Hellenizers and the declining Seleucid king, Antiochus Epiphanes IV. The victorious Hasmoneans purified and rededicated the Temple in 164 B.C.E., established an autonomous Jewish state, and set up a royal and priestly dynasty that lasted until 37 B.C.E. Tolerantly treated, the Jews adopted the Greek language.
    • Emperor Constantine of the Eastern Roman Empire established his capital, Constantinople, early in the 4th century, in former Byzantium and granted equal status to Christianity and the pagan cults. In 380 C.E., Theodosius I adopted Christianity as the state religion and thereby rendered the Jewish position equivocal. Under Arab-Moslem rule, the Mamluks decreed that Jews must wear yellow turbans. Jews of the Romaniot (Greek) tradition continued to inhabit several large cities, especially Salonika.
    • The 4th Crusade in 1204 was harsh to the Jews in Greece as the Crusaders conquered land southward from Salonika. However, the Turks regrouped and by the mid 15th century nearly all the Byzantine territories in Greece came under the control of the rising Ottoman dynasty. Jews from Spain and Portugal (1492-97) immigrated in large numbers to Greece until the Sephardic element culturally dominated the Jewish community as late as the aftermath of WW II. The loyalty of Greek Jewry to Greece during the war against Turkey in 1897 did not prevent anti-Jewish riots. Jews fled to Salonika for refuge. Most Ashkenazic immigrants from northern Europe arrived in the 19th century, among them the German banking family of Baron de Rothschild. After the Balkan war (1912-1913), the number of Jews in Greece increased to 100,000.Increased competition for jobs in the port city of Salonika caused a brief deterioration in Jewish livelihood. Despite state policy aimed at Hellenization and assimilation of ethnic minorities, Salonika's 75,000 Jews maintained 30 synagogues in some 40 active communities, with an active Jewish press in Ladino, French and Greek.
    • After the Nazis occupied Greece, they pressured their Bulgarian and Italian allies to deport the Jews; 70,000 Greek Jews were sent to the extermination camps. Archbishop Damaskinos ordered monasteries and convents in Athens and other towns to shelter Jews. For his defense of the Jews in a letter to the Nazi General Stroop, the brave Archbishop got only threats of his own execution. Many Jews were saved by heroic action of Greek clergy, police and the resistance. Some Jews hid with Christian neighbors and escaped later by boat to Turkey. Eighty seven percent of Greek Jewry perished in the Holocaust, leaving 10,000 survivors. Rebuilding Jewish life in post-war Greece entailed a slow recovery, aided by various Jewish Institutions. Respected by their Christian neighbors, fewer Jews are now observant although they still tend to socialize mainly with other Jews.
    • About 5,000 Jews remain in Greece today, resident primarily in Athens. The Greek government and the Greek national tourism organization view the Jewish heritage in Greece as part of their national heritage and concern themselves with the upkeep of orphaned Jewish sites. They have recently refurbished the Jewish Museum of Greece in Athens. On the island of Crete, the 17th century Etz Hayyim (Tree of Life) synagogue was restored as a research center on the history of the Jews of Crete. Perhaps the oldest synagogue site in Greece is a ruin from the 5th century B.C.E. in Athens' ancient market place, the agora at the foot of the Acropolis." [February 2009]

    Print References:

    • Tragger, Mathilde. Printed Books on Jewish cemeteries in the Jewish National and University Library in Jerusalem: an annotated bibliography. Jerusalem: The Israel Genealogical Society, 1997.
    • Stavroulakis, Nicholas. The Jews of Greece: An Essay. Athens: Talos Press, 1990.
    • Stavroulakis, Nicholas. Jewish Sites and Synagogues in Greece. Athens: Talos Press, 1992.
    • The Jewish Travel Guide. London: Jewish Chronicle, 1992.
    • Jewish Sites and Synagogues of Greece. __: Talos Press,1992. ISBN 960-7459-01-6.
    • Galant, Abraham. Histoire des Juifs de Rhodes, Chio, Cos etc. Istanbul: Soci Anonyme de Papeterie et d'Imprimerie (Fratelli Haim), 1935. 177,ii p. p., facsims., 23 cm. Language: French. Most of the book deals with Rhodes and the rest with smaller communities: Chio, Cos, Lemnos, Metelin, Cassos, Castellorizo, Halki, Patmos, Calymnos, Symi, Carpathos, Leros, and Nyssiros.

    Cyprus Burial Sites:  2

    CYPRUS - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Jewish Community of Cyprus
    P.O. Box 3807
    Nicosia, Cyprus
    Tel. 357 2 441 085
    Fax 357 2 445 995

    Cyprus Jewish Community Centre
    Diogenous 7B
    P.O. Box 42461
    6534 Larnaca, Cyprus
    Tel. 357 24 828 770
    Fax 357 24 828 771
    email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    Committee of the Jewish Community. P.O. Box 4784,Mr. F.E. Yeshurah

    History and history. [August 2009]

    Madeira (Portuguese) Burial Sites:  1

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    MADEIRA ISLANDS (PORTUGAL): A Guide to Jewish Site

    The Jewish community reconstituted in 1971 after about 540 years today numbers about 300 Jews in Majorca with a synagogue. history. Jewish history links. Palma may have traces of an ancient Jewish cemetery. [August 2009]

    Azores (Portuguese) Burial Sites:  6

    AZORES - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY


    All Azores Jewish cemeteries are inactive. "This group of nine islands in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean was discovered in the 15th century by Portuguese navigators and colonized during the reign of Prince Henry the Navigator." Source with map: http://home.pacifier.com/~kcardoz/maps.html - link no longer available

    AZORES: A Guide to Jewish Sites. [October 2000]

    Some contend that Jews came to the islands in the late 15th century, but the first documented Jewish settlement dates from 1818. Terceira and Sao Miguel each had a Jewish community with members from Portugal, Morocco and perhaps Spain and Gibraltar, most engaged in commerce and shipping. The 1848 Jewish population was 250 with the most important Jewish community was in Ponta Delgada. During World War II, Ashkenazi Jews from Germany and Poland fled Europe by way of the Iberian Peninsula to settle in the Azores, but left following the war. The native Sephardic population declined through emigration, death, and intermarriage. [April 2002]
    http://www.saudades.org/cverde.htm [April 2002]
    http://www.isjm.org/Links/azores.htm [April 2002]
    http://www.theazores.net available in English and Portuguese [October 2005]

    Switzerland Burial Sites:  20

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Schweizerische Vereinigung fur Judische Genealogie [Swiss Society for Jewish Genealogy]
    Raymond M. Jung, President
    Scheuchzerstrasse 154, 8006 Zurich, SWITZERLAND
    Telephone: 41 1 361 71 54
    E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
    Newsletter editor: Daniel Teichman,
    Kurfirstenstrasse 8, 8002 Zurich, SWITZERLAND

    Rene Loeb of Schweizerische Vereinigung fur Judische Genealogie] supplied the original information on Swiss Cemeteries.

    French Special Interest Group of JewishGen for research of French speaking countries of France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Suisse Romande.

    Swiss Jewish information.

    Sweden Burial Sites:  5

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Sweden
    Carl H. Carlsson, President
    E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
    c/o Gerber, Box 7427, 103 91, Stockholm, SWEDEN
    Telephone: 46-8-679 29 17
    E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
    Website: http://www.ijk-s.se/genealogi

    References:
    History.  History of Jewish Community in Sweden [February 2001]

    BOOK: Jacobowski, C. V. Judiska begravningsplatserISverige (Jewish Cemeteries in Sweden). Stockholm: 1956. 8 pages, Swedish. S32V1585. Stampen Cemetery with about 1,600 tombstones dated 1793 - 1915. Another cemetery with 530 tombstones from 1915 - 1956. Third cemetery, 1945 to date includes 40 Holocaust tombstones. Source: Tagger, Mathilde. Printed Books on Jewish cemeteries in the Jewish National and University Library in Jerusalem: an annotated bibliography. Jerusalem: The Israel Genealogical Society, 1997.

    Spain Burial Sites:  18

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Centre d'Estudis ZAKHOR (Zakhor Center of Jewish Studies in Barcelona, Spain.) [August 2010]

    Jewish Community in Spain [October 2000]:

    REFERENCES:

    • Tagger, Mathilde. Printed Books on Jewish cemeteries in the Jewish National and University Library in Jerusalem: an annotated bibliography. Jerusalem: The Israel Genealogical Society, 1997. ü Hebrew Title (Stone engravings...on tombstones and inscriptions), by E. Carmoli. Paris, 186?. Pages 19-40, Hebrew. 26V255. Notes: 50 inscriptions, 903-1675 (some no date), chronology, rabbis and some rabbis' wives, and citation of books where the inscriptions were found.
    • Las inscripciones hebraicas de Espana (Hebrew inscriptions in Spain) by F. Cantera y Burgos. Madrid, 1956. 471 pages, Spanish. S2 57B21. Notes: 295 + 1 tombstone, ca. 1300-1437 & 1616, chronology by provinces, index of personal names, index of burial places, index tombstone order, scripture/style analysis.

    Portugal Burial Sites:  6

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    http://www.haruth.com/JewsPortugal.html [October 2000] http://www.saudades.org/resource_topics.htm [October 2000]

    "The Jews in Portugal" booklet issued by the Tourism Information Dept. Lisbon, Portugal with the support of TAP Air Portugal. Free copies are available from The Portuguese Tourist Office, 590 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10036, Phone: 212-719-3985/4091. Fax: 212-764-6137. Source: [October 2000]

    Isaac Bitton papers, letters, articles, photographs, scrapbook, brochures. escription: 2-in. folders. Notes: Majority of the material was placed in mylar sleeves by the USHMM collections department. Consist of materials concerning the situation of Portuguese Jews during and after the Holocaust. Among the topics covered are emigration to Palestine, the story of Aristides de Sousa Mendes, and The Nahariya memorial to Jewish refugees. Some of the photographs are copies from the holdings of the Diario de Noticias archives. Materials protected under copyright. Isaac Bitton is a Portuguese Jew and a refugee of the Holocaust. Bitton presently resides in Woodstock, Illinois. The USHMM collections department created inventories. The inventories describe the collection on the folder level. Isaac Bitton collected the materials during the years since the Holocaust. They were initially donated to the USHMM collections department, and later transferred to the archives. Control No.: DCHY237-A [December 2000]

    Netherlands Burial Sites:  92

    NETHERLANDS - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    Nederlandse Kring voor Joodse Genealogie (Netherlands Society for Jewish Genealogy)

    Maurice Mol, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., P.O. Box 94703, 1090 GS Amsterdam, Netherland. E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.Website: http://www.nljewgen.org. Newsletter Misjpog.Contacts:

    This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.: Albert Bremer

    Victor Brilleman, Scretary of the This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

     

    The Virtual Jewish History Tour- Netherlands by David Shyovitz.Dutch government allocates over $2.5 million for Jewish cemetery restorations [December 2002]

    Dutch Genealogy Links: [December 2002]

    See Netherlands link at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_west.html [October 2005]

    Dutch Jewish History:  [December 2002]

    Jewish Historical Museum, Jonas Daniel Meijerplein 2-4, Tel. (020) 269-945

    Jewish Community Information [October 2000]https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/europe/1573912186-dutch-government-allocates-over-2-5-million-for-jewish-cemetery-restoration

    AKEVOTH (Traces)-Research of the family origins and heritage of Dutch Jewry (A.R.). Dutch Jewish genealogical information worldwide database. Amoetat Akevoth is an Israeli-based non-profit organization, run entirely by volunteers, maintaining an active branch in the Netherlands. Cenetery information in cooperation with the NIK-Organisation of Jewish communities in the Netherlands.[August 2009]

    Beth Chaim Foundation: Netherlands Beth Chaim Foundation is in urgent need of funds to be able to work on the restoration of unique tombstones. The more than 223 Jewish cemeteries now are owned by a private organization that wishes to remain anonymous. All burial information on the cemeteries is available in the Joods Cultureel Centrum in Amsterdam and in Hilversum. According to a member of Beth Chaim, over the years, the municipalities in the Netherlands did nothing to maintain the cemeteries. Many of them are in a terrible condition. A small group of volunteers named themselves "Beth Chaim" [House of the Living]: The Workgroup Meppel" in Meppel gave guidance to more than 300 pupils and individuals in the summer of 1998 when they started the restoration of the Jewish cemetery in Meppel. In February 1999, the Beth Chaim Workgroup Meppel became Beth Chaim Foundation, working closely with a cemetery consultant responsible for all the Jewish cemeteries in the Netherlands. The Foundation cannot do anything without permission of the anonymous organization that owns the cemeteries. In March 2000, the Beth Chaim Foundation has restored two cemeteries and is working on more projects for the future. The Beth Chaim Foundation is an organization of Jewish people and people with a Jewish background with seven in the organization's management. Their goal is the restoration of Jewish cemeteries throughout The Netherlands by all kinds of people: students, Christians, and Jews. BCF emphasizes education of the youth of the Netherlands. Beth Chaim Foundation is a non-profit organization funded by donations and possibly by the council. Contact: Ron van Diejen, Secretary of the Beth Chaim Foundation in Meppel, The Netherlands for more information, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it In 2002, J. Bader published "Verborgen in Brabantse bodem. Joodse begraafplaatsen in Noord-Brabant" (Hidden Under the Brabant Floor.  Jewish Cemeteries in north-Brabant) (Tilburg, 2002; 240 p). With many photo's and illustrations and a CD-ROM on the hebrew texts on the graves for seventeen [sic] Jewish cemeteries in Brabant Province, Netherlands. Source: A. Vos, Netherlands, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. . [January 2004]

    [UPDATE] Dutch government allocates over $2.5 million for Jewish cemetery restorations [November 2019]

    This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

    Norway Burial Sites:  2

    THE JEWISH COMMUNIT

    Det Mosaiske Trossamfund, Bergstien 13, 0172 Olso
    Tel. 47 2 2606 826, Fax. 47 2 2416 573

    http://www.dmt.oslo.no: [February 2001]

    http://www.haruth.com/JewsNorway.html: [October 2000]

    http://www.jewishgen.org/Scandinavia/norway.htm [February 2001]

    Malta Burial Sites:  6

    MALTA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY


    Source: http://bnaisepharad.8m.com/malta.html [April 2001]
    Fgura PLA 16
    Malta-Israel Cultural & Friendship Society (social organization)
    Sabra House, M.B. Consiglii Street
    Telephone (voice): +356 676926, Telephone (fax): +356 676926
    Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it
    President: Lawrence-Attard-Brezzina
    Tradition: Portugese/Spanish
    Population: 128 (50 Sephardim)
    Community: Jewish cemetery, community center
    Malta information supplied by Lawrence Attard Bezzina

    Jewish Community of Malta (synagogue)
    182/2, St. Ursula Street (P.O. Box 42, B'kara).
    Telephone (voice): +356 237309/445924/676926; Telephone (fax): +356 676926.
    Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it or This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it .
    President: Abraham Ohayon; Secretary: Stanley Davis.
    Population: 128 (50 Sephardim), Community: Jewish cemetery, community center

    Jewish Community of Malta [2000]

     

    [UPDATE] Jewish Cemeteries & Catacombs in Malta [February 2020]

    Israel-Malta Friendship Association in Israel. 3, Sitkov St., Rehovot 76294, Israel; Tel. 08 9476679

    Luxembourg Burial Sites:  2

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Consistoire Israelite de Luxembourg,
    45 Avenue Monterey,
    2018 Luxembourgo,
    Tel. 352 452 914,
    Fax. 352 473 772

    French Special Interest Group of JewishGen for research of French speaking countries of France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Suisse Romande.


    THE CEMETERIES

    All the cemeteries in Luxembourg seem to be under the control of the state (Room 9, Ville de Luxembourg, Etat Civil, B.P.42, 2010 Luxembourg).

     

    Italy Burial Sites:  57

    ITALY - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/8945/kinah.html [October 2001]
    http://www.haruth.com/EbreiDiItalia.html [October 2005]
    Also select the Italy link at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_west.html

    Military Graves: Headstones with Stars of David at gravesites are maintained abroad by The American Battle Monuments Commission Source: Commission sheet entitled "Headstones Emplaced at Grave Sites (World Wars I and II)" dated 9 May 1994. Source: Jonathan L. Eisenberg, Minnetonka, Minnesota; This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. or c/o This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. . World War II Cemeteries are in Florence (76 headstones) and Sicily-Rome, Nettuno (24 headstones).

    Synagogues Without Jews: See photos "... Going back to the Italian peninsula of two thousand years ago permits a focus on the Jewish people there and how their past intertwined with that of Italy. The Italian peninsula is the one European region where Jews have resided without interruption since the 2nd century B.C.E. Julius Caesar granted them various exemptions to allow them religious autonomy. Many of the 6500 Jewish prisoners that had been sent to Rome from Judea as slaves, eventually attained their freedom and settled in Rome. Of the thirteen synagogues known to exist in ancient Rome, the ruins of one of them---from the 1st and 4th centuries CE---has been excavated in the city's ancient port at Ostia.

    Catacomb inscriptions and frescoes in Rome and its outskirts suggest that some of the pagan Roman population took an interest in Judaism. But that changed as Hellenistic elements crept into early Christian beliefs, practices and iconography. Toleration for the Jews ended in the late 4th century C.E., with the adoption of Christianity as the empire's official religion. The Roman 'arena' disintegrated during more than 1,400 years, as control of the peninsula's regions shifted among foreign powers, local nobles and the papacy.

    During the late Middle Ages, 13th and 14th centuries C.E., the Jewish population, concentrated in the southern regions, suffered from a range of decrees. A few protected them while others bound them to intolerable circumstances. Forced conversions caused half of the nearly 15,000 Jews in the south to abandon their religion. Entire communities were annihilated and many synagogues were converted to churches.

    By the turn of the 14th century, Jews were allowed to engage in banking, since the Church forbade money lending by Christians. Three hundred small Jewish communities sprouted, up and down the peninsula. As a result, the two centuries of the Renaissance were marked by many Jewish contributions to intellectual, artistic and scientific endeavors, amidst a fury of cultural activity.

    But this did not last long. Jews were expelled from several cities amid anti-Jewish propaganda. Spain, then reigning in Sardinia and Sicily, included them in the expulsion edicts of March 1492, and the Jews relocated to central and Northern cities of the peninsula---welcome there for their banking experience. New kehillot grew and matured, but not for long.

    The Counter-Reformation created an atmosphere that encouraged the pope's harshness against the Jews, confining them to ghettos, restricting their economic activity and burning books of the Talmud. By the 16th to the mid 17th century, the ghetto was an established institution for nearly 30,000 Jews, 7000 of them crammed into the ghetto in Rome. Cosmopolitan intellectual life was limited, but the study of Talmud and mystic Kabbalah flourished. Napoleon's conquest liberated the ghetto (1796-1798) but the 1815 French retreat allowed restoration of the old repressive order.

    With the goal of ridding the peninsula of oppressive regimes, the Risorgimento liberation movement (1750-1870) proclaimed freedom and equality for Jews. Pope Pius IX ordered the abolition of ghettos in Rome and other Papal States during the 1848 revolution. Italy and Italian Jewry were liberated with the annexation of Rome to a united Italy in October 1870. New careers now accessible in the cities emptied many rural Jewish communities during the decades before World War I as the Jews eagerly integrated into the larger society.

    As Mussolini's Fascist Government became closer to Nazi Germany in 1936, so Italian Fascism turned to overt anti-Semitism. Italy's surrender in September 1943 left the south in the hands of the Allies, but the Nazis controlled central and Northern Italy, where they viciously applied the "Final Solution." Fewer then 30,000 Jews in post-war Italy found themselves struggling to rebuild communities diminished by deportation, conversion and emigration.

    Local Italian populations had little interest in destroying the synagogues and the Germans had had little time to wreak the kind of damage they did in other parts of Europe. Therefore, many Italian synagogues remained intact. Most of Italy's standing synagogues are in a reasonable state of repair, including some that are in towns without Jews. A few vacant synagogues have recently been restored with funding by both municipal and Jewish interests. The majority of extant synagogues as in the older synagogues in Italy are in the Sephardic pattern, with bipolar arrangement of facing benches, or with a central bimah. Some follow the Ashkenazic layout, placing Ark and bimah together, at the east.

    Italy's 35,000 Jews live mostly in Rome and Milan, with smaller numbers in Turin, Florence and Livorno. Some 23 other cities and towns are home to the remainder." [February 2009]

    BOOKS:

    • Berliner, Dr. A. Hebraeishe Grabschriften in Italian (Hebrew Grave Inscriptions in Italy). Frankfort am Main: 1881. (109p) (200 inscriptions, 16th-17th centuries) [WN1881] available at the Hebrew College Library in Brookline, MA.

    [UPDATE] Jewish Genealogy in Sicily [February 2017]

    Iceland Burial Sites:  0

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY


    THE CEMETERIES

    No information has been submitted for Jewish burials in Iceland. Reports of Jews buried in the old cemetery in Reykjavík and of headstones engraved with the Star of David are erroneous probably since Freemasons used the symbol. This symbol does not prove any connection to Judaism.

    France Burial Sites:  408

    FRANCE - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Cercle de Genealogie Juive
    Joelle Allouche-Benayoun, President
    45, rue La Bruyere,  75009 Paris.
    Telephone & FAX: 33 1 40 23 04 90; Minitel: 3615 GENEALOJ

    GenAmi, Association de Genealogie Juive Internationale
    Micheline Gutmann
    76 rue de Passy, F-75016 Paris, FRANCE
    Telephone: 33 1 45 24 35 40 This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

    French Special Interest Group of JewishGen researches French speaking countries: France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Suisse Romande.

    French Jewish Community Website and Haruth

    Possible Sources for French Jewish burials:

    • Cimetieres de la Ville de Paris, Cimetieres de Paris, 71 rue des Rondeaux, 75020 Paris, France. Try to give year of death.
    • French Laws Concerning ALL Cemeteries and "Abandoned Graves": see Paris
    • Jewish Cemeteries in France: 
    • Archives of the Jewish Consistory [17 rue Saint Georges, 75009 Paris, France] has lists of people who had an official religious burial. The place of death (address) and the cemetery are mentioned but one must know the year of burial. Jean-Pierre Bernard contributed the postal codes after the town name. (French only).

    Thanks to This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. for use of her Complete Jewish Guide to France in descriptive material of various places in France. [October 2009]

    Finland Burial Sites:  4

    FINLAND - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    The Jewish Community of Finland [October 2000]: 

    http://www.jewishgen.org/Scandinavia/finland.htm [February 2001]

    Helsinki Jewish Community: from abroad +358-9-586 0310 (358) and from Finland 09-586 0310

    Turku Jewish Community: from abroad +358-2-231 2557, from Finland 02-231 2557

    "Chevra Kadisha - Founded in 1864, the Chevra Kadisha is the Community's oldest organisation. The society deals with all work connected with deaths in the community and takes care of the two Jewish cemeteries in Helsinki." Source

    Tapani Harviainen writes about the origin of the Jews of Finland: "From which parts of Russia were the Jewish soldiers sent to Helsinki [most Jewish families in Finland have their origin in Russian Jewish soldiers granted permission to settle in the country after completing their military service in the Russian army bases in Finland. Finland was a semi-autonomous part of the Russian empire in the years 1809-1917. / J.B.]

    The Helsinki police archives offer a clear answer to this question. All Jews resident in Helsinki in 1898 had come from Russia that at that time included the greater part of Poland . According to the archives the most important "home towns" or the localities and districts where the heads of the families had been registered before their arrival in Finland were

    (1) Schlosselburg (now Petrokrepost) east of St. Petersburg, above the River Neva,

    (2) governments of Novgorod and Tver,

    (3) Lithuania and the north-eastern parts of Poland. A surprising element in this information is that Schlosselburg, Novgorod and Tver were all outside the Pale of Settlement where Jews were allowed to reside. Equally surprising is the almost total absence of Estonia and Latvia in the domicile registers."

    Denmark Burial Sites:  12

    DENMARK - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Denmark SIG. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., Coordinator. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it JGS-Denmark

    2001 Data for the cemeteries supplied by Rene Loeb, Swiss Society for Jewish Genealogy, P.O.B. 2774? Ch-8021 Zurich with corrections by Elsebeth Paikin in February 2001

    Det Mosaiske Troessamfund
    Ny Kongensgade 6
    1472 København K.
    Tlf: 33 12 88 68
    Fax: 33 12 33 57

    Jewish Denmark Links:

    Only two webpages ("Tourist Information") are in English: "Key To Jewish Denmark" and "Brief History of the Danish Jews" [February 2001]

    Northern Germany (the part that was once Danish): link to the German cemeteries at http://www.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/rz3a035/jew_cem.html [February 2001]

    Cemeteries of Denmark from Danish SIG:  [February 2001]

    Jødisk Pædagogisk Center (JPC) - Jewish Pedagogical Center (in Danish) "Jødisk Orientering"-The Jewish Community Journal (in Danish) Machsike Hadas - The Orthodox Jewish Community:

    Belgium Burial Sites:  8

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Belgium
    Daniel Dratwa, President
    74 Avenue Stalingrad, B-1000 Bruxelles, Belgique
    Telephone: 32-2-512.19.63, FAX: 32-2-513.48.59
    E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it
    Web: http://www.mjb-jmb.org

    French Special Interest Group of JewishGen for research of French speaking countries of France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Suisse Romande.

    Consistoire Central Israelite de Belgique, Pres.: Professor A. Georges Schnek. Rabbi Albert Guigui, Sec: Monsieur Michel Laub, 2 rue Joseph Dupont, 1000. Tel: 512-21-90. Fax 512-35-78. E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

     

    This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

    BELGIUM - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Jewish Museum of Belgium
    Daniel Dratwa, Curator of the Jewish Museum of Belgium
    74, Avenue Stalingrad
    Brussels 1000
    Tel.: +32 (0)2 5121963, Fax : +32(0)25134859

    Shoah Transport and Resistance Museum of Belgium:
    Museum van DEPORTATIE EN VERZET - PRO MUSEO JUDAICO V.Z.W.
    Goswin de Stassartstraat 153, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
    E-Mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

    Jewish community information:

    http://www.haruth.com/JewsBelgium.html [October 2000]

    http://www.kosherdelight.com/BelgiumCommunity.htm [August 2003]

    Austria Burial Sites:  45

    AUSTRIA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    In March 2009, a renewed attempt by the Austrian Green Party to find a solution to the preservation of the country's Jewish cemeteries resulted in the Parliament once again delaying its decision. In the 2001, in Washington Agreement with the United States, the country committed to the preservation and protection of its Jewish cemeteries, but the federal government and regional authorities have yet to agree on the financial details of maintaining these sites. [March 2009]

    153,623 records of Jewish Graves in Austria of people deceased prior to May 5, 1945. [April 2004]

    Verein SCHALOM .. Jewish cemeteries in Austria was an online guide to Jewish cemeteries in Austria with maps and information and pictures. Link no longer functions. However, Lo Tishkach has excellent information. [April 2012]

    Synagogue Without Jews [February 2009]

    "Institut für Geschichte der Juden in Österreich" (Institute for the History of Jews in Austria) has literature on Jewish Communities. [October 2001]

    Jüdisches Museum Wien

    Büro: A-1010 Wien, Trattnerhof 2/106
    Museum: A-1010 Wien, Dorotheergasse 11
    Bibliothek: A-1010 Wien, Seitenstettengasse 4
    Judenplatz: A-1010 Wien, Judenplatz 8
    Tel.: +43 (1) 535 04 31 ext. 313
    Fax: +43 (1) 535 04 24
    Website: http://www.jmw.at/
    E-Mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

    General Information for Vienna and North Burgenland about the Shalom Association:

    Austrian Federal President Thomas Klestil praised the work of the Shalom Association, which for the past five years restored Jewish graves in Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland. Shalom was founded in November 1991 by Walter Pagler and his wife Carla, together with historian Erika Weinzierl and architect Friedrich Rollwagen. In the course of 150,000 hours of voluntary service so far, a 26-hectare Jewish cemetery, that for five decades was completely abandoned and overgrown, was made accessible. During this process, 19 kms. of paths and roads were either repaired or newly built, which entailed cutting out 2,000 tons of wood. This cemetery is one of four Jewish cemeteries in Vienna in which no burials have taken place for years. Since the 1938-1945 period, in which 62,000 Viennese Jews were murdered and 102,000 exiled, these cemeteries have been completely abandoned and become overgrown.

    Walter Pagler succeeded in finding several mass graves of Jews in Burgenland, and particularly Hungarian prisoners of forced labour camps, who were murdered by the Nazis. Shalom Association is currently preparing a 'Guide' to the Jewish cemeteries, in order to make it easier for visitors - mainly descendants of the second and third generation - to find the graves of their exiled or murdered relatives.

    The invisible core of the restoration of the Jewish cemeteries proved surprisingly to be the electronic database. This was made possible by a donation made by the former Federal Vice-Chancellor and Minister of Science, Erhard Busek. The database is linked up with 24 computers at the Vienna Business School in which the Jewish Community Centre's death register and registrar records are stored. They comprise all the Viennese cemeteries with a total of 155,000 Jewish citizens who have died since 1750 and the cemeteries in northern Burgenland and Lower Austria. Contact the Austrian Federal Press Service: Tel. ++43/1/531 15-2287. fax. ++43/1/531 15-2880. http://www.austria.gv.at

    For more on Viennese cemeteries see the excellent Beginners Guide to Austrian-Jewish Genealogy by E. R. Schoenberg on the BOHMOR website .

    Cemetery database of the Vienna Kultusgemeinde

    covering the Zentralfriedhof Wien first and fourth gate is now accessible via the internet. Source: bohmor digest [August 2003]

    Deutsche Version: http://friedhof.ikg-wien.at/suche_de.asp

    English Version: http://friedhof.ikg-wien.at/suche_en.asp

    The "Religion" page of the Jewish community of Vienna has a list of all Jewish cemeteries in Austria with some pictures and information for each one:[June 2003]

    Jewish community information: [October 2000]

    [UPDATE] Tracing Jewish Heritage Along the Danube [March 2015]

    ATLANTIC OCEAN & CARIBBEAN Burial Sites:  0

    GENERAL CARIBBEAN INFORMATION

    Toward the Preservation of Caribbean Jewish Monuments, a paper given by Rabbi Simeon J. Maslin, and an addendum to the paper. Chicago, Ill. April 27,1969. Miscellaneous file. American Jewish Archives, 3101 Clifton Ave. Cincinnati, Ohio 45220-2488, phone (513) 221-1875

    Gradwohl, David Mayer. Benditcha Sea Vuestra Memoria: Sephardic Jewish Cemeteries in the Caribbean and Eastern North America (29 pages). American Jewish Archives, 3101 Clifton Ave. Cincinnati, Ohio 45220-2488, phone (513) 221-1875

     

     

    St. Eustatius Burial Sites:  0

    Wikipedia

    The Forgotten Jews [August 2017]

    The Jewish Community Of St. Eustatius,Dr. Yitzchok Levine

    The Jews of St. Eustatius - The Jewish Magazine

    ST THOMAS: US Virgin Islands Burial Sites:  1

    Virgin Islands

    Jewish history of St Thomas.

    ShtetLink.

    Synagogue: PO Box 266 Charlotte Amalie St Thomas 00804. Reform. Tel: 1 340 774 4312   Fax: 1 340 774 3249

    In 1796, The Jews of St. Thomas founded a synagogue in 1796. In 1801, only nine Jewish families belonged to the congregation but, by 1803, this number had increased to 22, with arrivals from England, France, and St. Eustatius and Curacao. In 1804, the small synagogue was destroyed by fire and replaced in 1812. By 1823 that was dismantled and a larger building erected in the same location on Synagogue Hill. Named the Congregation of "Blessing and Peace and Loving Deeds," the Congregation numbered 64 families when a city-wide fire destroyed the Synagogue in 1831. The present-day Sefardic style Synagogue building with a sand floor built in 1833 has been used continuously every week since 1833 except for September 15, 1995, when Hurricane Marilyn devastated the island. [July 2012]

    Altona Cemetery: Charlotte Amalie. one of two historic cemeteries owned and maintained by the Hebrew Congregation of St. Thomas. photos. photo. The closest populated place is Frenchtown [0.17 miles] and 0.36 miles from Charlotte Amalie Harbor Seaplane Base. Masonic graves. [July 2012]

    Savan Cemetery: Charlotte Amalie. photos. [July 2012]

    References:

    Sint Maarten (Neth.): St Marteen Burial Sites:  0

    Formerly part of the Netherlands Antilles. Sint Maatin, which shares the Caribbean island of Saint Martin with the French overseas territory of Saint-Martin, became a "constituent country" within the Kingdom of the Netherlands when the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010.

    "Broward team helps crack Jewish mystery in St. Maarten". Sun Sentinel: "in the 1700s there was a Jewish community and burial ground in St. Maarten". Story about discovering burial ground. [Mar 2013]

    Sint Eustatius (Neth.) Burial Sites:  1

    Formerly part of the Netherlands Antilles. The Caribbean island of Sint Eustatius became a "public body" (special municipality) within the Netherlands when the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010.

    [UPDATE] St. Eustatius and the birth of Israel [February 2018]

    Saba (Neth.) Burial Sites:  0

    Formerly part of the Netherlands Antilles. The Caribbean island of Saba became a "public body" (special municipality) within the Netherlands when the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010.

    Bonaire (Neth) Burial Sites:  1

    Formerly part of the Netherlands Antilles. Bonaire, lying just to the north of Venezuela, became a "public body" (special municipality) within the Netherlands when the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010.

    Greenland (Danish) Burial Sites:  0

    VIRGIN ISLANDS (U.S.) Burial Sites:  3


    VIRGIN ISLANDS (U.S.) - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Source is US Virgin Islands link:

    "Jewish settlement was initiated in 1655 when Spanish and Portuguese Jews came as ship owners, planters of sugar cane and producers of rum and molasses. They arrived from Recife (Brazil), Suriname, Barbados, Holland and France. The real growth of the Jewish population in the islands of St. Thomas and St. Croix came as a direct result of the destruction of the Jewish community in the nearby Dutch island of St. Eustatius in 1781, which was attacked by the British for having aided the American Revolution. In 1796 the synagogue Berakha v'Shalom v'Gmilut Hassadim in St. Thomas was founded and that congregation exists until the present day. By 1850 Jews accounted for half the island's white population, or about 400 people.

    "With the opening of the Panama Canal, the Jewish population diminished and most of the islands' Jews emigrated to Panama. By 1942 the Jewish population numbered no more than 50. Today the Jewish population is increasing due to an influx of Jews from the North American mainland."

    References:

    Warren Freedman, World Guide for the Jewish Traveler. NY: E.P. Dutton Inc, 1984.

    American Jewish Archives, 3101 Clifton Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio 45220-2488, phone (513) 221-1875

    Turks and Caicos Islands (U.K.) Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Turks and Caicos Islands - contact us if you have any.

    Trinidad and Tobago Burial Sites:  3

    TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    The Jewish presence in Trinidad has been several waves. This southern-most island of the Caribbean archipelago saw the first major Jewish immigration in the late 1700's. However, none of the descendants of these early immigrants are Jewish. The vast majority are unaware of their Jewish heritage. In the late 1800's, another group of mostly Portuguese Jews and some from Curacao arrived. Many of these also assimilated or intermarried. At the beginning of the 20th century, only 31 Jews of English origin lived on the island, working generally as civil servants and merchants. Sir Nathaniel Nathan served as Associate Justice of the Trinidad Supreme Court from 1893 to 1900 and Chief Justice from 1900 to 1903.

    The 20th century saw a rapid rise and rapid decline in Jewish population in Trinidad. Thousands of Jews fleeing Hitler, found haven in 1936 to 1939 in Trinidad. New arrivals settled in houses rented by a Jewish aid society in Port of Spain. They established small businesses in the island's two main towns, Port of Spain and San Fernando. By 1939, the Jewish community numbered 600. Ambivalence about the new immigrants resulted from intense economic competition. Calling themselves "Calypso Shtetl" and "The Calypso Jews", they created a cultural and religious life for themselves on the island. A synagogue and community center and its attendant cultural activities began in a rented house on Duke Street in Port of Spain. Bet Olam Section of Mucurapo Cemetery: Rfused a license for kosher slaughter, they were granted a separate section of Port of Spain's main cemetery. Today the cemetery is maintained by the island's only remaining member of this 1930's influx, Hans Stecher, who hopes to establish a fund to relieve him of this responsibility and to ensure the section's perpetual upkeep.

    With the outbreak of war, all refugees deemed to be "enemy aliens" were interned in camps throughout The Caribbean. Trinidad was no exception. In addition to captured Italian and German merchant seamen and German U-boat crews, Trinidad's new "enemy aliens" now included, ironically, those Jewish families who came from Austria or Germany. While an internment camp was being constructed outside of the capital, the Jewish families were housed in barracks on tiny islands off the mainland (Hans Stecher still has a shark's fin saved from the shore during his time on the island.). After a few months in the barracks they were moved back to the mainland. The internment camp, which stood on what are now the residential neighborhoods of Federation Park and Ellerslie Park, is documented at Trinidad's Chaguaramas Military Museum and was surrounded by a tall barbed wire fence with sentry towers and search lights. Although children were given special permissions to attend school outside the camp, understandably, many of the refugees felt deeply insulted by this course of events.

    In 1943, they were released with certain wartime restrictions. They had to report daily to the nearest police station, were banned from driving cars or riding bicycles, and were under curfew from 8:00 P.M. to 6:00 A.M.. In disgust, some families left. Others stayed and brought back to light the community life they had started before internment. A soccer team was established, the drama club performed plays in Hebrew and Yiddish, they held fund-raisers for Israel, and a schochet was even brought in from The United States. The community was, in a word, vibrant. As the children grew however, the viability of the community was undermined since there was no local university at the time. Once the children went overseas to study few returned to live. Of those who did, many intermarried or assimilated and the community gradually began to dissolve after it reached its peak of 700 people by The Mid 1900's.

    In The 1970's, Trinidad's political and social stability was threatened by a wave of "Black Power" riots. Fearing for their safety, and haunted by bad memories, the majority of the remaining population migrated en masse. Many created new roots in Canada where they remain to this day. Today, pictures and memories are all that remain of "The Calypso Shtetl". It is hard to believe that at one time Passover Seders were so large they were sometimes hosted at The Trinidad Hilton.

    Religious artifacts were moved to Barbados in The 1970's to ensure their safety. Currently the Torah scroll resides at Congregation Dorshei Emet in Montreal.

    Still, if one looks around, one can find evidence of this brief renaissance of Jewish life in Trinidad. Most notably on every police car, policeman, and police station on the island, is the insignia of the police force which is a hummingbird within a Magen David. A British commander who came to Trinidad from Palestine put a white star against a blue background for the local army symbol, switching the colors of what was to become The Israeli Flag. The hummingbird was later added for local flavor. This makes Trinidad unique in that it is the only police service in The World that does not use its country's Coat of Arms as its official symbol.

    Today the community numbers 25-67, depending on who you talk to and who is on the island at any one point, and holds occasional communal observances. Projects are in the works to revitalise the community including the formation of an organizational body.

    St. Vincent and the Grenadines Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in St. Vincent and the Grenadines - contact us if you have any.

    St. Lucia Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in  St. Lucia - contact us if you have any.

    St. Kitts and Nevis Burial Sites:  1

    ST. KITTS AND NEVIS - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Photographs and some translations of old tombstones in the Jewish cemeteries by student Rabbi Leon Klenicki are found on Microfilm No. 2594 at American Jewish Archives, 3101 Clifton Ave. Cincinnati, Ohio 45220-2488; phone (513) 221-1875. Fifteen of the grave markers at The Nevis (West Indies) Jewish Cemetery are decipherable. 19 names. To learn more of this cemetery see: http://www.tc.umn.edu/~terre011/Cemetery.html, Michelle Terrell, Project Directory, The Jewish Community of Nevis, Archaeology Project: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it .

    http://www.geographia.com/stkitts-nevis/knpnt03.htm: "The Jewish Cemetery in Charlestown ... contains gravestones that are engraved in English, Hebrew and Portuguese, dating from 1679 to 1768. Once constituting 25% of the island's population, the Sephardic Jews of Nevis brought to the island the secret of how to crystallize sugar. ... A stonewalled path, known as the 'Jews Walk,' leads from the cemetery to the supposed site of the community's synagogue, which is believed to have been built in 1684." [September 2000]

    Puerto Rico (U.S.) Burial Sites:  0

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    http://www.haruth.com/JewsPuertoRico.html

    Shaare Zedek Synagogue-Community Center
    903 Ponce de Leon Avenida
    Santurce 00907.
    Tel. 809 724 4157

    Source: Select the Puerto Rico link at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_north.html: "When the island passed from Spanish to American rule at the end of the Spanish-American War in 1898, there were practically no Jews there. However, with the rise of Nazism in Europe, Jewish refugees made their way to Puerto Rico. The Jewish Community Center was founded in 1942. In the 1950s and 1960s, the community was bolstered by the arrival of Jews from the United States and Cuba. Most of the Jews live in the capital, San Juan. There are a few families in Ponce and Mayaguez."

    THE CEMETERIES

    TOWN? A cemetery with Jewish burials exists according to Yahrzeit supplied by Dr. Leonard Spialter This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.. [The location is unspecified.]

    Curaçao (Neth.) Burial Sites:  3

    Formerly part of the Netherlands Antilles, Curaçao, just north of Venezuela, became a "constituent country" within the Kingdom of the Netherlands upon the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles on 10 October 2010.

    Jewish history. Jewish history. Select the Netherlands Antilles link here: Jews arrived from Amsterdam in 1651. Jews fleeing Brazil joined them to form the Jewish community in 1659. The first synagogue dates from 1732. Jews expelled from the French islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe fled here. Curacao 's 1780 Jewish population of 2,000, about 50%. The Curacao community became the "mother community" of Suriname and St. Eustatius and financed the construction of the first synagogues of New York and Newport. In the 20th century, a number of Ashkenazi Jews settled in Curacao and the other islands of the Antilles and account for a majority of the Jewish population. Jewish population declined starting in the 1950s due to emigration and intermarriage. [February 2003]

    The 1732 Mikvé Emanuel Synagogue is the oldest in the Americas. Its interior, including the original pipe organ and brass chandeliers, has been carefully preserved, and the floor is covered in footstep muffling sand. There's an adjacent Jewish Cultural Museum. [October 2000]. Mikvé Israel-Emanuel Synagogue, one of oldest in continuous operation in the in the Western Hemisphere. Address: Hanchi di Snoa 29, Punda. Tel: 461-1633, fax: 461-1214. The museum adjacent to the remaining congregation has artifacts from the community's daily life including repaired tombstones.

    Montserrat (U.K) Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Montserrat - contact us if you have any.

    Martinique, French West Indies Burial Sites:  0

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Association Cultuelle Israelite de la Martinique
    Maison Grambin
    Platean Fofo Voie Principale
    97233 Schoelcher
    Martinique.
    Tel. 596 61 51 31

    Select the Martinique link at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_north.html Jewish settlement dates from around 1600 in this Dutch commercial outpost. In 1667 a synagogue was founded, but Jesuit opposition to Jewish settlement produced King Louis XIV's expulsion of Jews from French islands in 1685. Most of the 96 Jews in Martinique left for Curacao. In 1960s and 1970s, Jews from North Africa and France settled in Fort de France. [October 2005]


    THE CEMETERIES

    Jamaica Burial Sites:  2

    JAMAICA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    There are 21 Jewish cemeteries on the island according to Washington Jewish Week, 2/8/1996 p.32. Closed cemeteries are LACORIA, BLACK RIVER, FALMOUTH, and MONTEGO BAY. Ernest de Souza is spiritual leader of the Jewish community: 809-927-2948.

    "Jamaica was a Spanish colony from 1494 to 1655. During that period, there was a constant stream of Conversos from the Iberian peninsula, mainly from Portugal. The British occupation enabled these covert Jews to return to Judaism. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Jews controlled the sugar and vanilla industries and played a leading role in foreign trade and shipping. In the 19th century, they were prominent in the political, social, and cultural life of the country. In 1849, for example, 8 of the 47 members of the House of Assembly were Jews, and the House adjourned for Yom Kippur. In 1881 the Jewish population reached 2,535 out of 13,800 white citizens. In the 20th century, Jews from Syria and Germany joined the community. However, the Jewish population diminished due to economic decline, emigration, and intermarriage."   Source: Jamaica link at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_north.html# [November 2005]

    BOOK: Barnett, Richard D. and Wright, Philip. Yoffe, Oron: editor. The Jews of Jamaica Tombstone Inscriptions 1663-l880 __: Ben Zvi Institute, __. ISBN 965-235-068-0. (Detailed indexes by name, date and language; Hardbound, large format; 230 pages including plates.) Two late scholars, Richard D. Barnett and Philip Wright present texts or summaries of 1,456 tombstone inscriptions of Jews who lived in Jamaica between 1663 (when the British ousted the Spanish) and 1880 when systematic death registration commenced. Jewish families, who had fled the Inquisition in Spain and Portugal, settled in Jamaica during those years. Ashkenazic Jews also settled there in the eighteenth century. Jews played a significant role in development of the island's natural resources and international trade. Inscriptions, often in Hebrew, English and Portuguese or Spanish, are of cultural and historical interest. The book contains cemetery descriptions and two excellent appendices, a concordance of names and a chronological index. Richard D. Barnett (1909-1986) was Keeper of Western Asiatic Antiquities at the British Museum and wrote about the Anglo-Jewish history and the Spanish-Portuguese Diaspora after the Expulsion. Philip Wright (1910-1975) published a number of books on the history of Jamaica and the West Indies. [Source?]

    Also see "The Jews of Jamaica" one of a series of newspaper-like articles under the general title of "Out of Many Cultures: The People Who Came"  This article describes the Jewish migration to Jamaica and the history of the Jewisih Community in Jamaica.  http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story0054.htm [August 2005]

    Haiti Burial Sites:  0

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    [no proper name given]
    P.O. Box 687
    Port-au-Prince
    Tel. 509 1 20 638

    Source: Select the Haiti link at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_north.html Columbus's Converso interpreter, Luis de Torres, was the first Jew in Haiti. The first Jewish immigrants arrived from Brazil in the 17th century after by the French conquest. In the early 1900s, Jews from Lebanon, Syria, and Egypt settled in Haiti, followed by Eastern Europe Jews in the 1930's. Steady emigration during the second half of the century continued. Most Jews live in Port-au-Prince. The Jews of Haiti have only an informal communal existence with religious services organized in a private home. [February 2003]

    THE CEMETERIES

    Guadeloupe, French West Indies Burial Sites:  0

    French West Indies

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Communaute' Cultuelle Israelite
    1 Bas du Fort
    97190 Gosier
    Pointe-a-Pitre
    Tel. 590 90 99 08

    Select the Guadeloupe link at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_north.html: "The first Jewish group to settle the island consisted of three shiploads of refugees from Brazil in 1654 who were cordially received by the French owner of the island. The Jews initiated sugarcane plantations, and refineries accounted for the island's main exports. "The Black Code" of Louis XIV in 1685 ordered the expulsion of Jews. In the second half of the 20th century, Jews from North Africa and France settled on the island. In 1988 the synagogue Or Sameah was founded together with a community center, Talmud Torah, kosher store, and cemetery…" [October 2000]

    THE CEMETERIES

    Granada Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Granada - contact us if you have any.

    Dominican Republic Burial Sites:  2

    DOMINICAN REPUBLIC - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    Centro Israelita de la Republica Dominicana,

    PO Box 2189

    (Avenida Saraaota),

    Santo Domingo.

    Tel. 809 535 6042,

    Fax 809 542 1908.

     

    Select the Dominican Republic Link at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_north.html: Jews from Curacao, who settled in Hispaniola in the 19th century, did not form a community. The majority of Jews in the Dominican Republic, most of Central European origin, live in Santo Domingo. A small community exists in Sosua. The Dominican Republic was one of the very few countries to accept mass Jewish immigration in the 1930's. At the Evian Conference, it offered to accept up to 100,000 Jewish refugees. In 1943, the number of Jews in the republic peaked at 1,000 that declines due to emigration and assimilation.

    "Jewish life is organized by the Parroquia Israelita de la Republica Dominicana. There are two synagogues, one in Santo Domingo and the other in Sosua. A rabbi divides his time between the two communities... The community publishes Shalom, a bimonthly magazine. In Sosua, there is a small Jewish museum."

    Dominica Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Dominica - contact us if you have any.

    Cuba Burial Sites:  6

    CUBA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    Comision Coordinadora de las Sociedades
    Religiosas Hebreas de Cuba,
    Calle I Esq.13,
    Vedado-Ciudad de la Habana
    10400,
    Tel. 53 7 328 953,
    Fax 53 7 333 778

    "Since the Soviet Union stopped funding Fidel Castro's Communist Cuba in the late 1980s, Castro has slowly loosened the economic and social control of his people and allowed those interested in religion to resume their practices. Approximately 2,000 Jews remain in Cuba, most of whom are of Spanish descent. Most are poor, generally unable to afford prayer books and other Jewish articles, and elderly, as the Communist government has prohibited Jewish practices for nearly thirty years. Jews in Havana and Santiago have recently reopened their synagogues and have held public celebrations and Jewish study sessions in order to interest younger Cubans in the religion, openly affirming their Judaism for the first time in decades."
    Source: http://www.mindspring.com/~jaypsand/dispersed.htm [January 2002]

    Websites:

    Partial listing of burials throughout Cuba: http://jewishcuba.org/famties/burials.html and
    http://userpages.wittenberg.edu/dkazez/fam/search/Cuba-Burials.html [October 2002]
    The Cuba-America Jewish Mission: http://cajm.org [October 2000]
    http://www.jewishcuba.org [October 2000]
    http://jewishcuba.org/siteindex1.html [October 2000]
    http://www.haruth.com/JewsCuba.html [October 2000]
    Select the Cuba link at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_north.html : " The Casa de la Communidad Hebrea de Cuba is the Jewish communal organization. Four synagogues, two Sephardi and two Ashkenazi, still function. The Santiago de Cuba synagogue was rededicated in 1995 to serve the city's 80 Jews." [August 2003]
    http://jewishcuba.org/famties [February 2001]

    Books
    • Behar, Ruth. The Vulnerable Observer: Anthropology That Breaks Your Heart . __:__,___.
    • Behar, Ruth. Bridges to Cuba/Puentes a Cuba . __:__,___.
    • Bejarano, Margalit. La Comunidad Hebrea De Cuba, La Memoria Y La Historia . Jerusalem, Israel: Instituto Abraham Harman de Judaismo Contemporaneo Universidad Hebrea de Jerusalen, 1996.
    • Bettinger-Lopez, Caroline. Cuban-Jewish Journeys, Searching for Identity, Home, and History in Miami . Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 2000.
    • Bettinger-Lopez, Caroline. Cuban-Jewish Journeys: Searching for Identity, Home, and History in Miami . ISBN: 1-57233-098-8. Univ of Tennessee Press, 2000. Index: http://jewishcuba.org/famties/index.html Source: Daniel Kazez This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it [January 2001]
    • Heisler-Samuels, Betty. The Last Minyan in Havana, A Story of Paradise, Hope and Betrayal . Aventura, FL: Chutzpah Publishing, 2000.
    • Margolis, Paul. "Tropical Remnants: The Architectural Legacy of Cuba's Jews". Jewish Heritage Report , Vol. I, Nos. 3-4/Winter 1997-98.
    • Levine, Robert M.. Tropical Diaspora, The Jewish Experience in Cuba . Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1993.

    Cuba Cuban Cemetery Data at the Cuban Genealogy Center http://www.cubagenweb.org/cemeteries/ [November 2005]

    Cayman Islands (U.K.) Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Cayman Islands - contact us if you have any.

    British Virgin Islands (U.K) Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in British Virgin Islands - contact us if you have any.

    Bermuda (U.K.) Burial Sites:  0

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY




    Jewish Community of Bermuda
     P.O. Box HM1793
    Hamilton HMO5
    Bermuda
    Voicemail: 441-291-1785
    http://www.jcb.bm/

    http://www.kosherdelight.com/Bermuda.htm [August 2003]
    Select the Bermuda link at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_north.html:
     Jews lived on the island since the 17th century, but established the first synagogue in the 20th century. The permanent Jewish population often is outnumbered by UK, US, and Canadian Jewish tourists and Jewish personnel from the American military base on the island. Religious services are held in different locations once or twice a month and on the High Holidays . [February 2003]

     

    Barbados Burial Sites:  1

    Barbados - The Jewish Community

    Spanish and Portuguese Jews from Brazil, Cayenne, Suriname, England, Hamburg, and Leghorn came to Barbados one year after British settlement in 1627. The Jewish community of Bridgetown formed in 1654 and established a synagogue. Thirty Jewish families of Eastern European origin escaping The Nazis settled in Barbados and were joined by Jews from Trinidad.

    [UPDATE] Sephardic Genealogy [January 2017]

    http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_north.html and select "Barbados" link [rev September 2005]
    http://www.kosherdelight.com/Barbados.htm [August 2003]

    Barbados Jewish Community
    PO Box 651, Bridgetown
    Phone: 809-427-0703
    Fax: 809-436-8807

    Caribbean Jewish Congress
    PO Box 1331, Bridgetown
    Phone: 809-436-8163

    Jewish Community Council
    P.O. Box 256, Bridgetown,
    Tel. 809 432 0840

    http://www.haruth.com/JewsBarbados.html [October 2000]

    Bahamas Burial Sites:  2

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY


    http://www.grandbahamasynagogue.org/
    Freeport Hebrew Congregation website [revised October 2005]
    P.O. Box F-41761, Freeport, Bahamas.
    President: Geoff Hurst This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

    "The Bahamas were first settled by the British in 1620, but at that time, relatively few Jews came to the islands. Still, a Jew, Moses Franks, served as attorney general and chief justice of the islands in the 18th century. After World War I, a few Jewish families from Poland, Russia, and the United Kingdom settled in Nassau, the capital. Later Jews came to Freeport on Grand Bahamas Island."
    According to Dave Fox, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it , many white Bahamians left the islands after the Bahamas gained independence from Great Britain (1973) when they were made to feel unwelcome by the new government. However, the attitude of the government is now more favorable to Americans and Europeans. [1999]

    The Congregations of Nassau and Freeport are independent of each other and have separate affiliations.

    The Congregation of Nassau is Reform, but there is no Synagogue. There are some ancient Jewish graves in Nassau. The Congregation is a member of the Jewish Congregations of Latin America and the Caribbean. www.ujcl.org

    In Freeport is a Reform Synagogue named for Luis de Torres, the Converso who served as Columbus's interpreter and who was the first European to set foot on the soil of the New World. The Freeport Hebrew Congregation is a member of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (U.A.H.C.) www.uahc.org

    http://uahcweb.org/congs/ny/ny054/Cantor/Bulletins/200104.htm [May 2002]

    http://www.borisamericanjews.org/panel1.htm [May 2002]

    Select the Bahamas link at : http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_north.html [October 2005]
    http://www.kosherdelight.com/Bahamas.htm [August 2003]

    Aruba (Neth.) Burial Sites:  1

    Formerly part of Netherlands Antilles. The island of Aruba, lying 27 km north of the coast of Venezuela, seceded from the Netherlands Antilles on 1 January 1986 and became a "constituent country" within the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    http://www.arubatourism.com: Jewish Community of Aruba, Beth Israel Synagogue, A Lacie Blvd. Z/n, Oranjestad, Tel: 23272. Congregation Mikve-Israel Emanuel, Hanchi di Snoa 29 (PO Box 322), Voice: 599-461-1067 Tradition: Portugese/Spanish; Reconstructionist; President: Rene Maduro, Rabbi: Michael Teyvah [October 2000]

    United Netherlands Portugese Congregation Mikve Israel Emanuel, P.O. Box 322, Rabbi: Aaron l. Peller, Pres: Rafael Moreno [October 2000]

    THE CEMETERIES

    Antigua and Barbuda Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Antigua and Barbuda - contact us if you have any.

    Anguilla (U.K.) Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Anguilla - contact us if you have any.

    PACIFIC OCEAN ISLANDS Burial Sites:  0

    online version of the Beverley Davis Burial Data compilation that lists headstone details (only!) for over 40,000 Jewish graves in Australia, New Zealand, and Pacific Islands plus Australian Jewish War Graves in all countries. The collection is large, but is NOT complete. There is no inquiry service. Source: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Digital Archivist, Australian Jewish Historical Society.  [July 2008]

     

    Norfolk Island (Aus.) Burial Sites:  0

    Wallis & Futuna (French) Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Wallis & Futuna - contact us if you have any.

    Vanuatu, formerly New Hebrides Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Vanuatu - contact us if you have any.

    Tuvalu, formerly Ellice Islands Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Tuvalu - contact us if you have any.

    Tonga Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Tonga - contact us if you have any.

    Tokelau Islands (New Zealand) Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Tokelau Islands - contact us if you have any.

    Solomon Islands Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Solomon Islands - contact us if you have any.

    Samoa, American Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Samoa, American - contact us if you have any.

    Samoa (Western Samoa) Burial Sites:  0


    THE CEMETERIES

    MILITARY: The Australian Jewish Historical Society - Victoria Inc. has lists of inscriptions from Jewish gravestones from the following cemetery (as at August 1993). Further information may be obtained from the Honorary Secretary, Mrs. Beverley Davis, P.O. Box 255, Camberwell, Victoria 3124 Australia. Please include 3 international reply coupons when requesting information.

    APIA:
      General Cemetery:

    Pitcairn Island (U.K.) Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Pitcairn Island - contact us if you have any.

    Papua New Guinea Burial Sites:  0


    THE CEMETERIES

    The Australian Jewish Historical Society - Victoria Inc. has lists of inscriptions from Jewish gravestones from the following Menyamia Moroke District cemeteries (as at August 1993). Further information may be obtained from the Honorary Secretary, Mrs. Beverley Davis, P.O. Box 255, Camberwell, Victoria 3124 Australia. Please include 3 international reply coupons when requesting information.

    Palau Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Palau - contact us if you have any.

    Northern Mirianas (U.S.) Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Northern Mirianas - contact us if you have any.

    Niue (New Zealand) Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Niue - contact us if you have any.

    New Caledonia (French) Burial Sites:  0

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY


    Association Culturelle Israelite de Nouvelle Caledonie
    BP 4173
    Noumea, New Caledonia
    Tel. 687 285 043, Fax. 687 272 101

    Also click on New Caledonia at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_asia.html [August 2005]

    Nauru Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Nauru - contact us if you have any.

    Micronesia, Federated States of Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Micronesia - contact us if you have any.

    Marshall Islands Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Marshall Islands - contact us if you have any.

    Kiribati, formerly Gilbert Islands Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Kiribati - contact us if you have any.

    Guam (U.S.) Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Guam - contact us if you have any.

    French Polynesia, including Tahiti Burial Sites:  1

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    ACISPO
    P.O. Box 4821
    Papeete, Tahiti
    Tel. 689 412 829, Fax. 689 435 643

    http://www.haruth.com/JewsTahiti.html [October 2000]
    http://www.virtualjerusalem.com/communities/wjcbook/tahiti/index.htm - {link no longer available}: "Most members of this community in French Polynesia are of North African origin. The first Jew to arrive in Tahiti was Alexander Salmon, a banker from France and the son of a London rabbi. …. Over time other Jews settled on the islands, but most eventually assimilated into the local population and converted to Catholicism. In the 1960s, with the arrival of Algerian Jewish refugees, the first foundations of a permanent Jewish community were laid." [October 2000] Also click on Tahiti at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_asia.html [August 2005]

    Fiji Burial Sites:  3

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Fiji Jewish Association, Carpenter Street, P.O. Box 882 GPO, Suva, Tel. 679 387 980, Fax. 679 387 946

    http://www.kosherdelight.com/Fiji.htm : "Nearly all Jews in Fiji live in Suva, the capital. Jewish settlement in Fiji can be traced back to the arrival from Australia of 20-year-old Henry Marks in 1881." [October 2000]

    Also click on Fiji Islands at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_asia.html

    THE CEMETERIES

    Cook Islands (New Zealand) Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Cook Islands - contact us if you have any.

    CANADA Burial Sites:  0


    Nunavut NU Burial Sites:  0

    Nortthwest Territories NT Burial Sites:  0

    Yukon Territory YT Burial Sites:  4

    Saskatchewan SK Burial Sites:  17

    REFERENCES:
    • Gutkin, Harry. Journey Into Our Heritage, Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1980, 264 pages.
    • Levitt, Sheldon, Lynn Milstone, & Sidney Tenenbaum. Treasures of a People-The Synagogues of Canada, Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1985
    • Milstone, Lynn, Sheldon Levitt, & Sid Tenenbaum. Synagogues of Western Canada, Unpublished, 1977, 64 pages
    • Stokes, Kathy & Florence Cox. Children of Israel Cemetery Transcription, Manitoba Genealogical Society, 1987, 10 pages

    Quebec QC Burial Sites:  10

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Montreal

    The Association for Canadian Jewish Studies
    Department of Religion
    Concordia University
    1455 De Maisonneuve Boulevard, W.
    Montreal, Quebec H3G 1M8, Canada
    (514) 848-2066. fax: (514) 848-4541

    Shalom Quebec has general information for Jewish Quebec. Jewish family information for Quebec and a cemetery plan pdf. [February 2009]

    Jewish Public Library
    1 Carre Cummings Square, Montreal,
    Quebec H3W 1M6

    Prince Edward Island PE Burial Sites:  1

    PEI Jewish Community, PO Box 21128, RPO University, Charlottetown PEI C1A 9H6, (902) 368-7337.

     

    The Atlantic Jewish Council,
    1515 S. Park St., Suite 304;
    Halifax, N.S. B3J 2L2;
    Tel# 902-422-7491 is the overall Jewish group of the Atlantic Provinces. Source. Murray Shainis: e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    Raymond Whitzman
    5787 McAlear Avenue, Cote Saint Luc, Quebec H4W 2H3
    This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
    supplied the Atlantic Provinces unless otherwise noted. He has all gravestone photos as indicated.

    Ontario ON Burial Sites:  19

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Jewish Genealogy Society of Ottawa (Ontario)

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Canada (Toronto)

    Jewish Genealogical Society - Hamilton & Area

    Ottowa Jewish Historical Society Archives
    151 Chapel Street
    Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7Y2
    (613) 798-4696 x260

    Ontario Jewish cemeteries: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. indexed and donated burial lists. Snail mail: Metchosin Central, Box 48058, 3575 Douglas St, Victoria, BC, Canada, V8Z 7H5.

    Nova Scotia, NS Burial Sites:  5

    The Atlantic Jewish Council,
    1515 S. Park St., Suite 304;
    Halifax, N.S. B3J 2L2;
    Tel# 902-422-7491 is the overall Jewish group of the Atlantic Provinces. Source. Murray Shainis: e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    Raymond Whitzman
    (5787 McAlear Avenue, Cote Saint Luc, Quebec H4W 2H3;
    This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. )
    supplied the Atlantic Provinces unless otherwise noted. He has all gravestone photos as indicated.

    Newfoundland & Labrador NF Burial Sites:  1

    The Atlantic Jewish Council,
    1515 S. Park St., Suite 304;
    Halifax, N.S. B3J 2L2;
    Tel# 902-422-7491 is the overall Jewish group of the Atlantic Provinces. Source. Murray Shainis: e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    Raymond Whitzman
    (5787 McAlear Avenue, Cote Saint Luc, Quebec H4W 2H3;
    This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. )
    supplied the Atlantic Provinces unless otherwise noted. He has all gravestone photos as indicated.

     

    New Brunswick, NB Burial Sites:  3

    The Atlantic Jewish Council,
    1515 S. Park St., Suite 304;
    Halifax, N.S. B3J 2L2;
    Tel# 902-422-7491 is the overall Jewish group of the Atlantic Provinces. Source. Murray Shainis: e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    Raymond Whitzman
    (5787 McAlear Avenue, Cote Saint Luc, Quebec H4W 2H3;
    This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. )
    supplied the Atlantic Provinces unless otherwise noted. He has all gravestone photos as indicated.

    Manitoba MB Burial Sites:  6

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Jewish Heritage Centre of Western Canada
    Genealogical Institute
    Bev Rayburn, President
    C116-123 Doncaster St, Winnipeg, MB, R3N 2B2, Canada
    Telephone: (204) 477-7460, FAX: (204) 477-7465
    E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
    Web:
    Web:
    Center's This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    Louis Kessler:  The Cemetery Photography Project of the Jewish Heritage Centre of Western Canada: has headstone photographs and data on all the burials. This web page also lists how to access to the information and photos. The Jewish Project Committee Members: Louis Kessler; Bev Rayburn, Project Leader, Lynn Roseman (Project Coordinator); and Lee Saidman (Technical Consultant). Manitoba information submitted by Louis Kessler unless otherwise indicated. [December 2000]

    Jewish Historical Society of Western Canada
    C116-123 Doncaster Street
    Winnipeg, MB R3N 2B2
    (204) 477-74602
    Fax: (204) 477-7465

    British Columbia BC Burial Sites:  4

    British Columbia Jewish Historical Society: 950 West 41st Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 2N7, (604) 257-5199

    Jewish Heritage Centre of Western Canada, Genealogical Institute, Bev Rayburn, President, C116-123 Doncaster St, Winnipeg, MB, R3N 2B2, Canada. Telephone: (204) 477-7460, FAX: (204) 477-7465

    Louis Kessler.  The Cemetery Photography Project of the Jewish Heritage Centre of Western Canada:

    REFERENCES:

    • Arnold, Abraham. Report on the Pioneer Cemeteries in the Western Region, late 1970's, 6 pages.
    • Congregation Emanu-El, The Heritage of the Victoria Jewish Cemetery, Brochure 1985, 8 pages.
    • Drever, M. "The Jewish Cemetery", pages 45-47 in Trails and Tales of Settlement and Progress-Lipton and District 1875-1985, Focus Publishing, 1987.
    • Levitt, Sheldon, Lynn Milstone, & Sidney Tenenbaum, Treasures of a People-The Synagogues of Canada, Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1985, 150 pages
    • Milstone, Lynn, Sheldon Levitt, & Sid Tenenbaum, Synagogues of Western Canada, Unpublished, 1977, 64 pages

    Alberta AB Burial Sites:  4

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Jewish Genealogical Society of Southern Alberta

    Calgary Jewish Historical Society
    1607 -90 Ave. S.W.
    Calgary, Alberta, Canada
    T2V 4V7 or FAX to (403) 253-7915

    Calgary Jewish Historical Society will be happy to provide information on the 2,000 names they have as well as their photographs and translations of all the headstones in the five indicated cemeteries. Source: Jay Joffe, President CJHS [date?]

    Jewish Heritage Centre of Western Canada
    Genealogical Institute
    Bev Rayburn, President
    C116-123 Doncaster St, Winnipeg,
    MB, R3N 2B2, Canada
    Telephone: (204) 477-7460,
    FAX: (204) 477-7465
    E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
    Web:
    Web:
    Center's This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.:
    This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.: (Web site)
    The Cemetery Photography Project of the Jewish Heritage Centre of Western Canada:

    ALBERTA REFERENCES:
    • Arnold, Abraham. Report on the Pioneer Cemeteries in the Western Region, late 1970's, 6 pages.
    • Bender Hamlet Cemetery Transcription, Manitoba Genealogical Society, 1992, 5 pages.
    • Congregation Emanu-El, The Heritage of the Victoria Jewish Cemetery, Brochure 1985, 8 pages.
    • Drever, M. "The Jewish Cemetery", pages 45-47 in Trails and Tales of Settlement and Progress-Lipton and District 1875-1985, Focus Publishing, 1987.
    • Gutkin, Harry. "Old Roots in New Soil-The Synagogues of Winnipeg", The Jewish Post & News, Apr 15 1992, pp. B2-B8.
    • Gutkin, Harry. Journey Into Our Heritage, Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1980, 264 pages.
    • Stokes, Kathy & Florence Cox. Children of Israel Cemetery Transcription, Manitoba Genealogical Society, 1987, 10 pages.
    • Jewish Historical Society of Western Canada, Dawson Jewish Community file.
    • Jewish Historical Society of Western Canada, Sonnenfeld Cemetery file.
    • Levitt, Sheldon, Lynn Milstone, & Sidney Tenenbaum, Treasures of a People-The Synagogues of Canada, Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1985
    • Milstone, Lynn, Sheldon Levitt, & Sid Tenenbaum, Synagogues of Western Canada, Unpublished, 1977, 64 pages Voorhis, Paul. Bnai Israel Cemetery Transcription, Manitoba Genealogical Society, 1978, 48 pages.
    • Land of Promise: The Jewish Experience in Southern Alberta. Jewish Historical Society of Southern Alberta.

     

    GERMANY Burial Sites:  0

    Cemeteries are listed by German states.  If you do not know the state of a particular location, use the search bar above to locate the cemetery entry.

    [UPDATE] Tracing Jewish Heritage Along the Danube [March 2015]

    Major Concentration Camps - Germany Burial Sites:  8

    "Gone are the living, but the dead remain
    And not neglected; for a hand unseen
    Scattering its bounty like a summer rain
    Still keeps their graves and their remembrance green."
    --Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
    See similar categories in Western & Southeastern Europe and Eastern Europe.
    Compiled by Bernard Kouchel: Jewish Genealogical Society of Broward County. January 1994

    HAMBURG Burial Sites:  6

    BERLIN Burial Sites:  3

    BRANDENBURG Burial Sites:  79

    THURINGEN (THURINGIA) Burial Sites:  46

    SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN Burial Sites:  19

    SACHSEN (SAXONY) Burial Sites:  20

    SAARLAND Burial Sites:  16

    NIEDERSACHSEN (LOWER SAXONY) Burial Sites:  214

    HESSEN (HESSE) Burial Sites:  511

    BREMEN Burial Sites:  5

    BAYERN (BAVARIA) Burial Sites:  276

    REFERENCE:

    Steinerne Zeugnisse Jüdischen Lebens in Bayern - Eine Dokumentation, Israel Schwierz, publ. Muenchen, Bayerische Landeszentrale fuer Politische
    Bildungsarbeit, 1992; 368 p. illus.

    Jüdische Friedhöfe in Bayern by the Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst, Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte, Zeuggasse 7, 86150 Augsburg, Germany.

    Jüdische Friedhöfe im Ries publ. Univerität Ulm, Zentrum für allgemaine wissenschaftliche Weiterbildung.

    The ordeal of the Jews in Swabia. Their fates in reports, documents and numbers from 1933 to 1945 (Regierungsbezirk Schwaben, Germany) [July 2012]

     

    Chronology of the History of the Jews in Bavaria 906-1945, translated by H. Peter Sinclair z"l:

     

     

     

    BADEN-WÜRTTEMBERG (BADEN-WUERTTEMBERG) Burial Sites:  204

    To see information and photographs of individual gravestones in cemeteries in Baden-Wuerttemberg, click on this link and follow the directions on that page.

    AUSTRALIA Burial Sites:  0

     

    WESTERN AUSTRALIA Burial Sites:  10

    Western Australia is a huge state of just under one million square miles. Late in the 1800s and the early 1900s, gold was discovered in many places and attracted many Jews. However, most underground mining lasted only 20 to 30 years. The towns shrank or disappeared altogether. The cemeteries are the only lasting monument that Jews lived in the towns. The healthy Jewish community in Australia now mainly is found in the big cities of Melbourne, Sydney and Perth. We want to make sure that these remote Jewish graves are not lost as most will never have any more burials. We have been researching Jewish burials in remote areas of Western Australia and have found nine cemeteries that contain either a Jewish Section or individual Jewish graves: Broome, Carnarvon, Coolgardie, Cue, Geraldton,  Kalgoorlie, Northampton, Roebourne and Sandstone. The only Jewish Community in Western Australia is in Perth where there are three Jewish cemeteries: Karrakatta (the main one); Fremantle (still used but rarely); and the old East Perth Cemetery (inactive).  Source - Warren and Brenda Austin, 2 Gifford Way, Dianella, Western Australia 6059, Australia, email:  This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., telephone 61 8 9375 3181 completed the survey in January 2006.

    VICTORIA Burial Sites:  24

    TASMANIA Burial Sites:  2

    SOUTH AUSTRALIA Burial Sites:  9

    NORTHERN TERRITORY Burial Sites:  1

    NEW SOUTH WALES Burial Sites:  35

    Military Burials Burial Sites:  0

     The Australia Jewish Historical Society (see above) also has information on Jewish Soldiers buried in Australian and overseas cemeteries maintained by the Australian War Graves Commission. There is information for WWI, WWII and post-war burials. Information may be obtained from the Honorary Secretary, Mrs. Beverley Davis, P.O. Box 255, Camberwell, Victoria 3124 about various burials in various cities. Please include 3 international reply coupons when requesting information.
         Records are also held by the Australian Jewish Historical Society (Victoria) of post-war burials of Jewish ex-service men and women in graves maintained by the Australian War Graves Commission in cemeteries throughout Australia. 2 other sources of possible help: Australian Jewish Historical Society - NSW and Australian Jewish Genealogy Society. Source: Gary Luke, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    Commonwealth War Graves Commission:   http://www.cwgc.org/
          "The Commission was established by Royal Charter in 1917 ... to mark and maintain the graves of the members of the forces of the Commonwealth who were killed in the two World Wars, to build memorials to those who have no known grave and to keep records and registers, including, after the Second World War, a record of the Civilian War Dead." Name searchable from the site. [March 2002]

    Office of Australian War Graves Canadian Agency

    PO Box 21
    Woden
    ACT 2606
    Australia
    Tel: (02) 6289 6477
    Fax: (02) 6289 4861
    E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
    Director: Air Vice Marshal Gary Beck AO

    www.bd-bd.info (see below) includes Australian Jewish War Graves in all countries. [July 2008]

    Australia - General Information Burial Sites:  2

    Australian Jewish Genealogical Society, Inc.
    R    epresents researchers living in Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia as well as Western Australia (which is Jewish Historical and Genealogical Society of Western Australia, Inc.) 
    Contact information at: http://iajgs.org/members/members.html

    Australian Jewish Genealogical Society (Victoria), Inc.
    Contact information at: http://iajgs.org/members/members.html

    Australian Jewish Historical Society
    166 Castlereagh Street
    Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
    Website: http://www.ajhs.info

    Australian Jewish Historical Society Inc  [NSW]
    Mandelbaum House
    385 Abercrombie St.
    Darlington 2008
    Website: http://www.ajhs.info/NSW

    Australian Jewish Historical Society (Victoria) Inc.
    P.O. Box 8420, Armadale, Victoria 3143
    Website: http://www.ajhs.info/Victoria/

    The Australian Jewish Historical Society - Victoria Inc. has lists of inscriptions from Jewish gravestones from the various cemeteries (as at August 1993). Source: GARY LUKE.

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY
    Jewish Australia websites: Australian Synagogues:

    Also click on Australia at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_asia.html [August 2005]

     

    NEW ZEALAND Burial Sites:  0

    New Zealand is made up of two narrow islands called North Island and South Island.

    South Island Burial Sites:  11

    Source for South Island of New Zealand is
    Dr. Gerald L. Morris
    90B Proctor Street
    Christchurch 5.
    Phone and fax: 03.352-4764

     

    North Island Burial Sites:  7

    Military Burials Burial Sites:  0


    Commonwealth War Graves Commission:   http://www.cwgc.org/
          "The Commission was established by Royal Charter in 1917 ... to mark and maintain the graves of the members of the forces of the Commonwealth who were killed in the two World Wars, to build memorials to those who have no known grave and to keep records and registers, including, after the Second World War, a record of the Civilian War Dead." Name searchable from the site. [March 2002]

    Main Office:
    Commonwealth War Graves Commission
    2 Marlow Road
    Maidenhead
    Berkshire
    SL6 7DX
    United Kingdom
    Tel: (01628) 634221
    Fax: (01628) 771208
    Telex: 847526 Comgra G
    E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    General New Zealand Information Burial Sites:  2

    THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Auckland Jewish Community Centre
    108-116 Greys Ave.
    Auckland, New Zealand
    Phone : +649 3732908
    email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

     

    Wellington Hebrew Congregation
    80 Webb Street
    Mount Cook 6011
    Wellington.
    Phone/Fax:
    +64 4 384-5081
    Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    source: http://www.jewishdirectory.com (search for New Zealand institutions)

     

    Also click on New Zealand at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_asia.html [August 2005]

     

    The Australian Jewish Historical Society-Victoria Inc. indicated that there were Jewish graves in the New Zealand. Almost none of the cemeteries are exclusively for Jewish burials. Jewish graves are found continually in out of the way cemeteries, particularly in places populated for short periods as during a Gold Rush. Further information may be obtained from the Honorary Secretary: Mrs. Beverley Davis, P.O. Box 255, Camberwell, Victoria 3124 Australia. (Please include 3 International Reply Coupons if requesting information.) All listings below (except where otherwise indicated) were supplied by Claire G. Bruell, 36 Auckland Rd., St. Heliers, Auckland 5, New Zealand. Ph. 09.5757-305, Fax 09.575-5079.

    New Zealand Jewish Archives
    Michael Clements, President
    C/- 125 Black Road
    Newlands, Wellington
    Tel 04-478-9060
    This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.



    Source for South Island of New Zealand is
    Dr. Gerald L. Morris
    90B Proctor Street
    Christchurch 5.
    Phone and fax: 03.352-4764

    FAR EAST & SOUTHEAST ASIA Burial Sites:  2

    Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Aus.) Burial Sites:  0

    Christmas Island (Aus.) Burial Sites:  0

    Vietnam Burial Sites:  1

    Thailand, formerly Siam Burial Sites:  2

    THAILAND - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    The Jewish Community of Thailand
    Tel: (662) 258-2195 Fax: 663-0245

    The Jewish Association of Thailand
    Beth Elisheva Synagogue, Mikveh & Jewish Center
    Yosef C. Kantor, Rabbi
    121 Soi Sai Nam Thip 2
    Sukhumvit Soi 22
    Bangkok, Thailand
    Tel: (662) 258 2195 Fax: 663 0245
    e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

    Synagogue: Even Chen
    2nd floor of The Bossotel Inn
    55\12-14 Soi Charoenkrung 42\1 New Rd (Silom Rd. area)
    Bangkok, Thailand
    Tel: 630 6120; Fax 237 3225

    http://www.amyisrael.co.il/asia/thailnd/index.htm
    The Jewish Community of Thailand numbers about 250, of which only a few are Thai nationals of European and Asian origin. [January 2001]

    Jewish Community of Thailand: http://www.amyisrael.co.il/asia/thailnd/index.htm [2000]

    http://www.jewishthailand.com/ [September 2002]
    http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles2/china.htm [September 2002]
    http://www.hallbiography.com/ethnic_national/146.shtml (Book Review: China Dreams : Growing Up Jewish in Tientsin, by Isabelle Maynard, Albert E. Stone, Univ of Iowa Pr; ISBN: 0877455716 [September 2002]
    http://servercc.oakton.edu/~friend/chinajews.html [September 2002]
    http://www.joyfulnoise.net/JoyChina51.html [extensive links - September 2002]

    "Nearly all the Jews of Thailand live in Bangkok, the capital. The Jewish community is of recent origin. The first permanent Jewish settlers arrived in the 1920s, having fled from Soviet Russia. Their number was bolstered in the 1930s when refugees from central Europe made their way to Thailand. Most of these left the country at the end of World War II. However, in the 1950s and 1960s, a number of Jews settled in Thailand, and in 1966 a synagogue and community center were established. The Jews are a mixture of Sephardim from Syria and Lebanon and Ashkenazim from Europe, the United States, and Shanghai. There is also an Israeli presence. Many Jews are involved in trade and production of jewelry and precious stones." Source: Click on Thailand at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_asia.html [August 2005]

    Taiwan, formerly Formosa Burial Sites:  0

    TAIWAN - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Taiwan Jewish Community
    Tel: +886-2-938291978.
    Email:     This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it .
    Pres.: Don Shapiro. Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it
    Treasurer    : Yoram Ahrony.

    http://www.haruth.com/JewsTaiwan.html [January 2002]

    Also click on Taiwan at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_asia.html [August 2005]

    The 1950s Jewish community primarily was American military personnel stationed in Taiwan. The current community dates from the mid-1970s. Nearly all the less than 50 Jewish families live in Taipei and most work on a short-term basis for multinational corporations or international organizations. Some work in academia or government service. Most are either Americans or Israelis.
    Regular Shabbat services are held at a hotel in Taipei. The Taiwan Jewish Community also holds occasional social events. Israel maintains an economic and trade office in Taipei.
    Israel Economic and Trade Office, Suite 3205, 333 Keelung Road Section 1, Taipei, Tel. 886 2 2757 7221, Fax 886 2 2757 7247
    Sheraton Taipei Hotel, Room 577 at 12 Zhongxiao East Road, Section 1, Taipei 100. Tel: +886-2-2321-5511. Fax: +886-2-2394-4240. Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it [March 2008]
    Rabbi Dr. E. F Einhorn. 16 Min Tsu East Road, Second Floor, Taipei, ROC, Tel: 591-3565, 592-2840, Fax :594-3892 or 596-9222. Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    South Korea Burial Sites:  1

    SOUTH KOREA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    Jewish Community of the Republic of Korea
    GPO Box 7595
    Seoul, Korea
    Tel. 82 2 544 0834, Fax. 82 2 796 3808.

    Lay leader: Larry Rosenberg, (82) (2)-793-3728, fax: (82 (2)-796-3808, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

    http://www.amyisrael.co.il/asia/skorea/index.htm [January 2001]

    "The first significant Jewish presence on the Korean peninsula appeared at the time of the Korean War (1950-53). Hundreds of Jewish American GIs were members of the armed forces which supported the anti-Communist government in resisting the invasion from the North. The Jewish community of South Korea is essentially a transient group concentrated in Seoul. Many of the Jews are soldiers and officers who serve in the American force which is permanently stationed in South Korea. There is also a handful of Jews who have come to live and work in South Korea as business people or teachers. On shabbat and holidays, religious services are led by a US Army chaplain at Yongsan Army Base in Seoul. " SOURCE: Click on South Korea at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_asia.html [August 2005]

    Singapore Burial Sites:  1

    SINGAPORE - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    Jewish Community of Singapore: http://www.amyisrael.co.il/asia/singapor/index.htm [October 2000]

    Also click on Singapore at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_asia.html [August 2005]

    Philippines Burial Sites:  2

    PHILIPPINES - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    Jewish Association of the Philippines
    110 H. V. De La Costa St. corner Tordesillas West
    Salcedo Village
    Makati City 1227, Philippines
    Tel: 63 2 815-0265 Fax: 63 2 840-2566
    Website: http://www.jewishphilippines.org
    Email:     This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it (new email address from August 2005)

     

    Also click on The Philippines at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_asia.html [August 2005]

    North Korea Burial Sites:  1

    Mongolia Burial Sites:  0

    Malaysia Burial Sites:  2

    Laos Burial Sites:  1

    Japan Burial Sites:  4

    JAPAN - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    Jewish Community of Japan
    8-8, Hiroo 3-Chome
    Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150
    Tel. 81 3 3400 2559
    Fax 81 3 3400 1827

    http://www.www.amyisrael.co.il/asia/japan/index.htm [October 2000]
    http://www.haruth.com/JewsJapan.html [October 2000]
    Also click on Japan at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_asia.html [August 2005]

    Indonesia, formerly Dutch East Indies Burial Sites:  4

    INDONESIA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    "Descendants of Iraqi Jews who came to Indonesia more than a century ago to trade spices still live and practice in Surabaya in the eastern half of the densely populated (and almost exclusively Muslim) island of Java. Their Jewish traditions are primarily ancient in origin (the Sabbath before Yom Kippur, for example, the community leader slaughters a chicken and swings it around the synagogue courtyard to dispel the community's sins), though Dutch Jewish traders from the 18th and 19th centuries introduced them to some European Rabbinical teachings."
    Source: http://www.mindspring.com/~jaypsand/dispersed.htm [January 2002]

    REFERENCE: Justin Corfield. Java: British and Empire Graves . BACSA: London, 1998. {SIC: "submitted as forthcoming" in 1998. No information about the books publication has been submitted as of December 2000]

    http://www.haruth.com/AsianIndia.html [October 2000]

    Also click on Indonesia at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_asia.html [August 2005]

    China, incl. Hong Kong & Macao Burial Sites:  8

    CHINA (INCL. HONG KONG & MACAO) - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    http://www.amyisrael.co.il/asia/china/index.htm [October 2000]
    http://www.mindspring.com/~jaypsand/dispersed.htm [October 2000]
    http://www.haruth.com/JewsChina.html [October 2000]
    Also click on China at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_asia.html
    http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/7136/format/html/displaystory.html [October 2000]
    http://www.haruth.com/JewsChina1907.html :
    "The Chinese Jews" by Oliver Bainbridge National Geographic , vol. XVIII, No. 10, Washington, October, I907) [October 2000]
    article by the late Prof. Daniel Elazar:
    http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles2/china.htm [October 2003]

    Cambodia, formerly Kampuchea Burial Sites:  2

    Chabad of Cambodia
    House # 32, Street 228
    Phnom Penh,   Cambodia
    Ph:  855-85-807-205

    Benzion Butman This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    Jewish Cemetery is in Phnom Penh.

    Brunei Burial Sites:  0

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Brunei - contact us if you have any.

    Burma (Myanmar) Burial Sites:  2

    SOUTH & CENTRAL ASIA Burial Sites:  0

    The British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia has records of European cemeteries wherever the East India Company set foot. [July 2008]

    BURMA (MYANMAR), See under Far East & Southeast Asia..

     

    British Indian Ocean Territories Burial Sites:  0

    Turkmenistan Burial Sites:  2

    TURKMENISTAN - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    Click on Turkmenistan at WJC Communities website at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_ussr.html [September 2005] 

    Uzbekistan Burial Sites:  2

    UZBEKISTAN - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    http://www.bukharianjews.com/ Information about Bukharian-Jewish history, culture, ethnicity and achievements.
    http://members.dancris.com/~byblos/bukhara.htm A brief outline of the history of the Jewish community of Bukhara (also written Bokhara or Bochara), Uzbekistan
    http://www.jewish.uz in Russian
    http://www.haruth.com/JewsUzbekistan.html
    Also click on Uzbekistan at WJC Communities website at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_ussr.html [September 2005] 

    BUKHARA, capital of the former khanate of the same name in Russian Central Asia is now within Uzbekistan.

     

    Tajikistan Burial Sites:  1

    TAJIKISTAN - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY
    Jewish Community of Tajikistan, Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it
    http://www.ncsj.org/Tajikistan.shtml [September 2002]
    http://www.eurasianet.org/resource/tajikistan/links/arts.shtml [photos - September 2002]
    http://members.aol.com/Lotaryn/index.html has a map and other links. [September  2001]
    Click on Tajikistan at WJC Communities website [September 2005]

    Sri Lanka, formerly Ceylon Burial Sites:  1

    Pakistan Burial Sites:  3

    PAKISTAN - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    Before 1947 the Jewish community in Pakistan felt reasonably secure under British rule. Within a year of independence, however, the Pakistani government revoked the community's rights, denying Jews political representation. Following the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948, violent incidents occurred against Pakistan's small Jewish community, which numbered approximately 2,000 Bene Yisrael Jews. The synagogue in the former capital, Karachi, was set alight and Jews were attacked. This resulted in the large-scale emigration of the community, mostly to India. In the early 1950s an estimated 250 Jews remained in Karachi."
    Source: http://www.axt.org.uk/antisem/archive/archive1/pakistan/pakistan.htm [July 2003]

    Bhutan Burial Sites:  1

    Maldives Burial Sites:  1

    Kirgizstan (Kyrgystan) Burial Sites:  0

    KIRGISTAN - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    Click on Kyrgyzstan at WJC Communities website at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_ussr.html [September 2005] 

     

    Kazakhstan Burial Sites:  4

    KAZAKHSTAN - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

     

    The Association of Jewish Communities of Kazakhstan
    66/120 Buhar-Zhirau Street
    Almaty, 480057 Kazakhstan
    Phone/Fax 7 3272 45-00-43
    Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

    http://www.fjc.ru [January 2004]
    Also click on Kazakhstan at WJC Communities website at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_ussr.html [September 2005]

     

    India Burial Sites:  75

    INDIA - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY
    http://www.amyisrael.co.il/asia/india/index.htm [August 2000]
    http://www.mindspring.com/~jaypsand/dispersed.htm [August 2000]
    http://www.haruth.com/AsianIndia.html [August 2000]
    Also click on India at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_asia.html [August 2005]

    BP-210086 Weil, Shalva (Ed. by) : INDIA'S JEWISH HERITAGE : RITUAL, ART, AND LIFE-CYCLE, pp. 124, Illus. (Col.), Printed on Art Paper, Index, Size 32cm, 2002, $66.00. The book is about the Bene Israel of Maharashtra, the Cochin Jews of the Malabar coast, and the "Baghdadi" Jews in Bombay and Calcutta. [January 2003]

    Much of the information on this page was provided by The British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia (website now at: http://www.bacsa.org.uk - July 2008).


    Nepal Burial Sites:  1

    Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan Burial Sites:  3

    No information about Jewish cemeteries in Bangladesh - Contact us if you have any.

    "Jewish population in Bangladesh is 175 which is 0.00011 of the total population of the country. Number of Jews in Pakistan is 200, while there is no official record of any Jewish population in Sri Lanka. Although the number of Jews in Bangladesh is shown to 175 in various information sites, including Wikipedia, according to Bangladeshi scholars, the real number of Jewish population in Bangladesh is above 3,500, while the Jews in Bangladesh are afraid of disclosing their religious identity fearing persecution of the anti-Semitic people. According to information, fearing religious persecution, Jews in Bangladesh mostly identify themselves as 'Jehova's Witness', while most of the Jews in the country are in textile related business as well as business in groceries." Source [January 2010]

    "Choudhury has taken up the cause to return the synagogue to the Jewish population in Dhaka, Bangladesh's capital city, and has been fighting for other Jewish causes such as celebrating Rosh Hashanah and helping the Jewish community there obtain a Jewish cemetery for the past three years. "We are fighting for the religious rights of Jews in Bangladesh," Choudhury said. "They have the right to keep their religious identity. They don't have a place even to bury a body when they die -- they have to go to a Christian cemetery. They cannot tell someone that they are good [people]. They do not have the courage to celebrate Rosh Hashanah."Source [January 2010]

    Asian Jewish Life [Sept 2015]

    Afghanistan Burial Sites:  5

    AFGHANISTAN - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

    "In the twelfth century, Benjamin of Tudela claimed that there were 80,000 Jews in the Ghazni on the River Gozan. The community was isolated with little contact with the outside world. The origin of the Afghan Jewish community seems to be Persian as the languages used by the Jews of Afghanistan were Judeo-Persian, Hebrew, and some Aramaic." [January 2002] http://www.moshiach.com/features/tribes/pathans.php : "The Israeli Source of the Pathan Tribes" [January 2002]

    "Jews have lived in what is now known as Afghanistan for more than two thousand years. Fleeing persecution in the ancient land of Israel, many stayed to work as merchants, trading silk and spices from the East. In the early 19th century, tens of thousands of Persian Jews settled in Afghanistan fleeing forced conversion." Source: http://www.mindspring.com/~jaypsand/dispersed.htm [January 2002]

    "When the Bolsheviks rose to power in Russia, they divided the large area of the southern part of central Russia into smaller districts such as Tanjekistan, Turkemanistan, Kazakhastan, etc. In Tanjekistan, which is in northern Afghanistan, there was a village by the name of Dushme. When Stalin gained power, he called the village in his name, Stalinabad. It started to develop and grow and many Jews then began to stream into Tangekistan. They found that the Tanyakis light candles on Friday evening. When the Jews went to visit them, they revealed that they eat a dish made of meat stuffed with rice called Pacha, which is characteristic of the Bucharian Jews and is eaten on Friday night. When they asked them what it was, the Tajiks replied that this is an ancient traditional food of theirs and its name is Pacha. They also said that they have a tradition that they were once Jews. Source: http://www.moshiach.com/features/tribes/pathans.php [January 2002]

    "Not only the Pathans, but also the Afghan Royal Family has a very well known tradition placing its origin in ancient Israel, they came from the Tribe of Benjamin." [Benjamin of the Southern Kingdom of Judah.] ... This tradition was first published in 1635 in a book called Mahsan-I-Afghani and has often been mentioned in the research literature. According to this tradition, King Saul had a son called Jeremiah who had a son called Afghana. Jeremiah died at about the time of King Saul's death and Afghana was raised by King David and remained in the royal court during King Solomon's reign." Source: http://www.moshiach.com/features/tribes/afghanistan.php [January 2002]

    "The only practicing Jew left in Kabul, Afghanistan, Zibollon Sementa, says the ruling Taliban fundamentalist Muslim party lets him practice his faith in an unhindered fashion. What was left of the Jewish community fled in 1992." Source: Dateline World Jewry , July 2001.

    "Afghanistan's Jewish community dwindles to two -- and they're feuding" by Steven Gutkin (Associated Press) . August 24, 2001. http://www.onlineathens.com/stories/082501/ath_0825010011.shtml [September 2002]

    [UPDATE] The Last Jew in Afghanistan [November 2016]

    (also see write-up under Kabul below)

    The "Other" in "Afghan" Identity: Medieval Jewish community of Afghanistan http://www.bukharianjews.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=4&page=1

    The History of Bukharian Jews http://www.bukharianjews.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=2&page=1


    BOOK: Afghanistan: The Synagogue and the Jewish Home. Zohar Hanegbi and Bracha Yaniv, editors. Jerusalem: 1991. 220 pages, 167 illustrations, 30 in color (English and Hebrew) ASIN: 9653910027

    http://www.amyisrael.co.il/asia/afghan/index.htm [October 2000]
    http://www.mindspring.com/~jaypsand/dispersed.htm [October 2000]
    http://www.haruth.com/JewsAfghanistan.html [January 2002]
    http://www.virtual.co.il/communities/wjcbook/afganist/index.htm [October 2000]
    http://www.kosherdelight.com/Afghanistan.htm [August 2003]
    Also click on Afghanistan at http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/comm_asia.html

    Content fixed by PWT ACL Burial Sites:  0

    Uncategorized Burial Sites:  15